Cross-border power trading through grid interconnection has gained significant attention in South Asia to support energy deficit states of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region. Nonetheless, cross border grid interconnection requires technical standardization and grid code synchronization to ensure technically feasible, reliable, safe and economical power exchange among the SAARC states. Importantly, grid code harmonization necessitates the uniformity of technical data and codes among the member states. In this paper, we investigate the relevant factors such as regional barriers, trade potential, a gap in the grid codes, standardization of technical data, energy pricing, load profile, the load factor of different states, and regulatory framework of different states. All these factors are found to be helpful in formulating a set of recommendations for seamless power grid interconnections and power trading. We have developed a power pool model for the SAARC region with an objective to effectively realize the objectives of cross-border power trade in the region. The presented model takes account of transparency in market-clearing price, bidding of data, season-wise load profile, market volume, best case practices, institutional setup and rigorous case studies to ensure seamless grid interconnection and reliable power trading within the region.INDEX TERMS Cross-border power trade, standardization of technical data, grid code harmonization, power pool model.
Transportation sector in Pakistan has been rapidly growing, leading to an increase in diesel and petroleum consumption, heightened energy import bill, air pollution, and traffic congestion. The China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) is a cluster of different multi-billion-dollar projects with a significant emphasis on enhancing regional connectivity, and the transportation sector is considered its backbone. Electric road transportation appears to be a game-changer to tackle energy, economy, and environmental issues of a country. This research paper is focused on a scheme and valuation of deploying electric transportation (e-trans) for mass transit under the CPEC umbrella in Pakistan. This paper identifies barriers and challenges and explores various technological options for adopting suitable electric vehicles (EVs) for mass transportation. The paper investigates technical infrastructural requirements, financial, and policy implications for the successful deployment of the proposed electric transportation. In particular, it proposes an EV charging infrastructure based on solar power generation to avoid any electricity burden to recharge EVs from the national power grid. In order to be comprehensive, it presents a case study to develop an EV charging station network with an estimation of the cost for accommodating charging requirements of one thousand electric trucks and hundred mobile charging trucks. Obtained results demonstrate that merely 0.29% of the CPEC's energy sector approved budget will be incurred for deploying the proposed charging station network to support e-trans over the studies road segment, which appears to be a feasible initiative. Important factors which may influence the proposed scheme for implementation of e-trans under the CPEC is analyzed using SWOT analysis. The recommended set of policies for deploying electric transportation and its quantitative financial analysis will help the concerned stakeholders to discover and execute the necessary steps to ensure sustainable electric transportation under the CPEC in Pakistan.
This case study describes a model household in which a number of simple solar technologies are utilized to provide for the daily household needs of electricity, clean water, cooling and heating. The model was named -Solar Home‖. A -Solar Home‖ is primarily suited to rural, remote and sub urban low income communities that suffer from lack of access to grid electricity and clean quality water. However, with the increased demand on energy in urban communities connected to grid electricity, the -Solar Home‖ can serve as a practical solution in the near future. The case study presents the results of the studies carried out on a pilot scale Solar Home project built in the Solar Energy Department, NRC, Egypt. The solar system designs used in the pilot Solar Home project are practical, easy to install and maintain, as well as inexpensive. The systems would serve two purposes; domestic services and some income generating activities. The case study discusses the performance of the selected solar systems under actual climatic conditions of Egypt, their costs. The case study will detail recommendations for the optimum implementation of the suggested systems and the needed training to use those systems. Finally the case study will list some of the lessons learned and the challenges faced during implementation and operation.
Electric mobility seems to bring a paradigm shift in the road transport sector worldwide. Huge consumption of fossil fuels and ever-increasing traffic congestion have caused concerns over future energy consumption, economy growth, and greenhouse gas emissions in the Gulf Cooperation Council region's member countries. The introduction of electric vehicles (EVs) in the two most populous countries of the region, i.e., the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and UAE is considered a promising option to address environmental pollution and future economy-related fears region. This paper presents key drivers for the countries to adopt electric transportation. This research study investigates the impact of EVs penetration on energy, economy, and environment of KSA and UAE through EV stockpile forecasting using linear regression analysis. The obtained results suggest that expected growth in KSA and UAE's power sector will enable them to keep up 5% and 30% EVs penetration by 2030, respectively. In this regard, a set of policies are proposed, which will enable the countries to pace up their efforts to achieve the intended greenhouse gases (GHG) emission reduction goals. Though the presented research is focused on the case study of KSA and UAE, the research findings are generalized enough to be applied to all other regions of the region. The suggested set of policies will serve as guidelines for the relevant stakeholders about the necessary measures required for sustainable road transport electrification in KSA and UAE.
Multi-level DC-DC converters have been widely used in automotive and other high-power applications. Thus, the control of these multi-level converters is an emerging thematic in power electronics to ensure their proper functioning. This paper provides a novel nonlinear control of a DC-DC three level boost converter (T-LBC) based on a backstepping (BS) technique with an integral action and is optimized using genetic algorithms (GA). Firstly, the average state model of the T-LBC is described. Then, this model is used to design an integral BS controller; nevertheless, the controller parameters are often determined manually, which may degrade the control quality. A genetic algorithm-based optimization method is applied to establish the best controller gains and improve the proposed controller efficiency. The asymptotic stability converter is verified using the Lyapunov method criteria. In order to validate the introduced controller under different scenarios, the Matlab/Simulink environment is used. In addition, it is compared with different controllers such as conventional backstepping, fuzzy logic, and proportional-integral-derivate (PID) controllers under varying references to highlight its performance further. Finally, the designed controller is verified experimentally by implementing it using a dSPACE 1104 control board. The simulation and experimental results show that the optimized integral BS controller presents the best performances in terms of settling time, overshoot and steady-state error.INDEX TERMS Three level boost DC-DC converter, nonlinear control, integral backstepping, genetic algorithms, tuning.MOHAMED BAGHDADI received the B.S. degree in industrial informatics and electronics from Mohammed First University, Oujda, Morocco, in 2015, and the M.S. degree in electrical engineering from Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2017, he is currently pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering and energy efficiency with the Electrical Systems, Energy Efficiency and Telecommunications Laboratory. His research interests include semiconductor device models, digital signal processing chips, design, control, modeling and simulation of semiconductor device, and hardware in the loop strategy.
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