Pure geometric isomers of conjugated linoleic acid were prepared from castor oil as the primary starting material. Methyl octadeca-9Z,11E-dienoate (2) and methyl octadeca-9Z,11Z-dienoate (4) were obtained by zinc reduction of methyl santalbate (1, methyl octadec-11E-en-9-ynoate) and methyl octadec-11Z-en-9-ynoate (3), respectively, as the key intermediates. Methyl octadeca-9E,11E-dienoate (8) and methyl octadeca-9E,11Z-dienoate (9) were prepared by demesylation of the mesyloxy derivative of methyl ricinelaidate (6, methyl 12-hydroxy-octadec-9E-enoate). A study of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectral properties was carried-out, and the shifts of the olefinic carbon atoms of 18:2(9Z,11E) (2) and 18:2(9E,11Z) (9) were readily identified by a combination of incredible natural abundance double quantum transfer experiment, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, and 1H-13C correlation spectroscopy correlation techniques. Doubts remain in the absolute identification of the individual olefinic carbon atoms of the 18:2(9Z,11Z) (4) and 18:2(9E,11E) (8), except the fact that the shifts of the "inner" (C-10 and C-11) and "outer" (C-9 and C-12) positioned olefinic carbon atoms of the conjugated diene system are distinguishable.
Over the last decade, nanoneedle-based systems have demonstrated to be extremely useful in cell biology. They can be used as nanotools for drug delivery, biosensing or biomolecular recognition inside cells; or they can be employed to select and sort in parallel a large number of living cells. When using these nanoprobes, the most important requirement is to minimize the cell damage, reducing the forces and indentation lengths needed to penetrate the cell membrane. This is normally achieved by reducing the diameter of the nanoneedles. However, several studies have shown that nanoneedles with a flat tip display lower penetration forces and indentation lengths. In this work, we have tested different nanoneedle shapes and diameters to reduce the force and the indentation length needed to penetrate the cell membrane, demonstrating that ultra-thin and sharp nanoprobes can further reduce them, consequently minimizing the cell damage.
Background : Inguinal hernia repair is very common in day to day general surgical practice. Result of surgical repair is often satisfactory but recurrences following surgery are troublesome both for the surgeon and the patient. Lichtenstein technique is now the most widely performed technique in groin hernia repair.Objective : The aim of this study was to assess short term outcome of complete variety of inguinal hernia repair by Lichtenstein technique.
Methodology :This was a prospective observational study in which 30 complete variety of inguinal hernia repairs were performed by Lichtenstein technique between January 2014 and December 2017 by same surgical team in surgery department, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital (HFRCMCH). Patients were scheduled for follow up visits at the end of first week, third month and sixth month after operation in out-patient department. The main outcome measures were postoperative complications, early recurrence, groin pain.
Result :In this study age of the patients ranged from 30 years to 78 years, the mean age was 51.93 (±SD 10.12) years. Most of the hernia were of indirect type 18(60%) followed by direct type 9(30%). In indirect type (55.6%) of the hernias was right sided and the rest (44.4%) were left sided. On an average each operation lasted for 1.18 hours and oral feeding started 12.69 hours after the operation, Postoperative mean hospital stay that was 2.27 days. Postoperative complications were 2(6.7%) had a prolonged recovery and presented with abdominal distention after operation and 3(10%) patients developed postoperative urinary retention. Scrotal haematoma formation was observed in 2(6.7%) cases and other post operative complications were local haematoma or seroma formation in incision site, periincisional skin echymosis, postoperative pyrexia, superficial wound infection and post operative pain were found in 1 (3.3%) cases. Regarding outcome no recurrence or mesh rejection or mesh infection were observed within short time postoperative follow up period.
Conclusion :In this study no recurrence or mesh rejection or mesh infection were observed within short time postoperative follow up period and patient's compliance was good with minimum morbidity. Therefore, Lichtenstein's technique of inguinal hernia repair considered as a safe and effective procedure.
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