Talinum paniculatum is an important leafy vegetable and medicinal plant, used in many parts of South America, Africa and Asia. Its adaptation to abiotic stress has received little attention and therefore worthy of interest, especially as environmental conditions are rendering arable lands increasingly unfavourable for agriculture. Therefore, this study was undertaken to examine the influence of salt stress on the vegetative growth of the plant by subjecting seedlings to 0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 mm NaCl stress for 10 days. The dry weight, ion concentrations, relative water content, oxidative damage, proline, osmotic potential and some antioxidants were determined. The plants were found to retain Na+ mainly in the root, with less affected leaf K+ concentration, and consequently very low shoot Na+/K+ ratios (<0.2) under all the stress treatments. The proline content significantly increased under the 100–300 mm treatments (18‐ to 244‐fold), with a corresponding significant reduction in osmotic potential and hence high osmotic adjustment. The antioxidant enzyme activities and non‐enzyme antioxidants showed significant increase only under the highest salinity. Taken together, these results suggest that shoot Na+ exclusion is characteristic of this plant and is mainly responsible for its adaptation to low salinity.
Drought stress severely reduces wheat productivity and affects grain quality. In this study the effects of combined application of salicylic acid (SA) and potassium (K) on yield and grain quality of wheat under drought stress condition was investigated. Winter wheat cultivar Minaminokaori was grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to 3 levels of K (50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1) fertilizer applications. The plants were foliar sprayed with SA (0.7 mM) at heading stage, and then imposed to the drought stress until grain maturity. Drought stress decreased grain yield by 41.1%, starch content by 10.2% and water-soluble pentosan content by 3.5% in comparison to well-irrigated control. However, grain crude protein content, total pentosan content and phytate phosphorus content were increased by 33.0%, 17.9%, and 13.4% respectively. Under the same drought condition, the application of combined SA and high K levels has increased grain yield (13.3%), starch (12.2%) and water-soluble pentosan content (20.3%) compared to SA-untreated with low level of K fertilizer. In addition, SA application decreased the percentage of phytate phosphorus to total phosphorus under drought stress. These results suggested that combined treatment of SA foliar application and a higher doses of K fertilizer can partially improve wheat productivity, grain nutritional quality, particularly water-soluble pentosan that influences the bread-making quality, without increasing the anti-nutrient component phytate under drought stress condition.
Low temperature is a major environmental factor that limits crop productivity of plants. Cold stress is a serious threat to the sustainability of crop yields. Low temperature has a huge impact on the survival and geographical distribution of plants. It negatively affects cellular components and metabolism, and temperature extremes impose stresses of variable severity that depend on the intensity and duration of the stress. Low temperature (less than minimum) leads to chlorosis, necrosis, membrane damage, changes in cytoplasm viscosity, and changes in enzyme activities leading to death of plant. Cold stress disrupts the integrity of intracellular organelles, leading to the loss of compartmentalization. It also causes reduction and impairing of photosynthesis, protein assembly and general metabolic processes. Moreover, cold stress during anthesis induces flower dropping, sterility of pollen, pollen tube distortion, ovule abortion and reduced fruit set, which leads to declined growth and lower yield. A number of approaches are being used to mitigate the deleterious effects of cold stress which threatens the successful vegetable crop production, application of plant growth regulators (salicylic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, Gibberellin and brassinosteroids) and unitization of genetics tools and plant breeding is one of the strategies to alleviate the low temperature stress in vegetable crops. Plant growth regulators play a greater role in improving the cold stress tolerance. In this paper, the effects of cold stress on vegetable growth, productivity and physiological activities were discussed, and some effective techniques for the mitigation of cold stress that help sustainable vegetable production under fluctuating climate is presented.
This study was carried out to ascertain the effects of organic manure (farmyard manure, poultry manure, and vermicompost) and chemical fertilizers NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) on the growth and yield of onion. The research was consisting ten treatments with three replications. Different levels of nitrogen (0, 100, and 150 kg ha-1), phosphorus (0, 75, and 100 kg ha-1), potassium (0, 80, and 100 kg ha-1) fertilizers, and various rates of organic manures (20 ton ha-1 of farmyard manure, 20 t ha-1 of poultry manure and 15 t ha-1 of vermicompost) were applied to the soil at different combinations. The results of this study have shown that both inorganic fertilizers and organic manures significantly influenced all growth and yield parameters. Whereas, maximum plant height (50.50 cm) and bulb yield (30.75 t ha-1) were obtained at the combination of 20 t ha-1 farmyard manure + 150 kg ha-1 N + 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 + 100 kg ha-1 K2O. However, the minimum bulb yield (15.80 t ha-1) was observed with control where no fertilizer was applied. Therefore, application of 20 t ha-1 farmyard manure during field preparation followed by application of 150 kg ha-1 N + 100 kg ha-1 P2O5 + 100 kg ha-1 K2O can be recommended for optimal growth and maximum bulb yield of onion.
Stress is an external factor that exerts a detrimental effect on overall growth of a plant. Environmental stress is a serious threat for sustainable crop production, and a main cause for food insecurity. Agricultural crops are exposed to a variety of environmental stresses including extreme temperatures and unfavorable chemical and physical soil conditions. Drought stress adversely affects some physiological and biochemical processes in plants, including transpiration, translocation of assimilates and nutrient metabolism. Salinity stress is responsible for loss of turgor, reduction in growth, wilting, leaf abscission, reduction in photosynthesis and respiration, loss of cellular integrity, tissue necrosis and finally death of the plant. Drought and salinity stress negatively affects the growth and yield of crop plants more than all the other stresses combined. Cold stress affects cellular components and metabolism, and temperature extremes impose stresses of variable severity that depend on the intensity and duration of the stress. Many approaches are being used to alleviate the deleterious effects of environmental stresses on successful agricultural crops production in recent years. Application of phytohormones (Abscisic acid, Indole-3-Aacetic Acid, Jasmonic acid and salicylic acid) is one of the curative measures to mitigate the environmental stresses in agricultural crops. Phytohormones play a significant role in enhancing stress tolerance and therefore, reduce the yield loss in crop plants. In this paper, the impacts of environmental stresses on productivity and physiological activities of crop plants, and the effective role of some phytohormones in alleviation of environmental stresses have been reviewed.
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