Background: Immature behaviors, including impulsivity and lack of control lead to personal and social pathologies, such as addiction. Methods: This meta-analysis study aimed to evaluate the effect of impulsivity on addition and addictive tendencies. This comprehensive interdisciplinary quantitative meta-analysis integrated the research findings regarding the effect of impulsivity on addiction and addictive tendencies based on secondary data. A checklist was developed for collecting data based on the article title, author specifications, publication year, setting, research type, hypothesis, data collection instrument, statistical population, sample size, significance level, and probability value to avoid bias in the study selection protocol. Results: The results of studies were divided into nine databases to calculate the effect size, and finally, 11 studies were analyzed. The descriptive data analysis and effect size calculation were performed in the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Software (CMA) version 2.0. Based on the fixed-effects model, 0.153 of the studies contributed significantly to the actual fixed effect sizes. The difference in effect sizes was due to sampling error. The random-effects model (0.202) suggested the independence of the studies (P < 0.001) with moderate robustness. Conclusions: According to the results, the behavioral construct of impulsivity significantly and positively affected addictive behaviors and tendencies. Therefore, the mediating effect of impulsivity, promote resilience, and train protective strategies for individuals prone to addiction should be controlled to improve mental health quality and develop social, communication, and life skills.

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Background: Excessive work-related psychological pressures can endanger health by causing physical, mental, and behavioral complications. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between defense styles and psychological vulnerability among emergency medicine physicians. Methods: The statistical population of this descriptive correlational study comprised all emergency medicine physicians working in Tehran hospitals in 2021 - 2022, from whom a sample of 380 was selected using cluster sampling. The research instruments included the symptom checklist-25 (SCL-25), The Defense Style Questionnaire (DSQ), and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). The data were analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) in LISREL 8.8. Results: Based on the results, the research model had a good fit (CFI = 0.96, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.058). There was an indirect relationship between the defense styles of emergency medicine physicians and psychological vulnerability, mediated by emotion regulation (P < 0.001). There were direct relationships between defense styles and psychological vulnerability, between emotion regulation and psychological vulnerability, and between defense styles and emotion regulation (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Health professionals and therapists can thus reduce psychological vulnerability among emergency medicine physicians by improving their immature and neurotic defense styles and enhancing their cognitive emotion regulation.

Background and Purpose: Certain childhood psychological disorders such as autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder result in significant psychological damages to parents. Based on the results of different studies, various problems in these children, cause anxiety and stress in their family members. Hence, this study was conducted to compare the coherence and defense mechanisms among the parents of normal children and parents of children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Method: This study was a descriptive and causal-comparative design. The statistical population included all parents of normal children and parents of children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in Rasht city in 2016-2017. The sample size of the study consisted of 90 parents who were selected by convenience sampling and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Defense Style Questionnaire (Andrews et al., 1993) and Sense of Coherence (Antonovsky, 1987) were used to measure the variables. The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance. Results: The results of the study indicated that there was a significant difference among the three groups of parents of normal children and parents of children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in each component of coherence (p<0.05). Parents of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder had the lowest mean score in coherence (90.96), while the highest score (101.93) was for the group of parents with normal children. There was a significant difference between the three groups of parents in each component of defense mechanism (p<0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the current research, parents of normal children and parents of children with autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder experience higher levels of mental stresses related to parenting, which may be caused by the special needs of these children and the distinctive psychological and mental differences between them and their peers. In this way, planning and implementing appropriate psychological and educational interventions for the parents of these children, with an emphasis on the initial interventions, can be very helpful.

Background and aims: Cognitive emotion regulation strategies enhance students’ ability to handle emotional and stressful situations and lead to resilient behavior and suitable behavioral performance. The present study aimed to investigate the association of addiction tendency with distress tolerance, self-differentiation, and emotion regulation difficulties mediated by resilience in university students. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational study using structural equation modeling (SEM). Cluster sampling was used to enroll 314 individuals among all students at the Islamic Azad University of Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021. The research instruments included the Shorter PROMIS Questionnaire (SPQ), the Distress Tolerance Scale-Short Form (DTS-SF), the Self-Other Differentiation Scale (SODS), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Data were analyzed by the SEM method using SPSS-26 and SmartPLS. Results: The results showed that distress tolerance (β=0.25, P<0.001) and emotion regulation difficulties (β=0.35, P<0.001) had a significant direct association with resilience. In addition, distress tolerance (β=0.14, P<0.001), self-differentiation (β=0.25, P<0.001), emotion regulation difficulties (β=0.27, P<0.001), and resilience (β=0.22, P<0.001) had a significant direct relationship with addictive tendencies. Moreover, resilience mediated the association of distress tolerance and emotion regulation difficulties with addictive tendencies in college students. Conclusion: The proposed model had the desired fitting based on the results. It is a great step toward understanding factors associated with addiction tendencies in university students. Furthermore, it is an appropriate model, according to which various programs can be developed and designed to prevent addiction tendencies among university students.