While countless studies on the role of clusters in regional economic developments and business performance have been done, some disadvantages and limitations also have been identified. Limitations such as small local markets, limited resources, isolation, and over-independence which lead companies to a lock-in state regarding knowledge and innovation can be solved by means of internationalization or foreign market expansion. Therefore, the internationalization of clusters still needs more attention. Furthermore, by conducting a bibliometric study based on the keywords from previous research, this investigation intends to identify the principal and most influential items, their relationship, and evolution, related to this topic. This work listed the top 30 journals based on SCImago Rank (SJR) in the category of Marketing, Management, and Internationalization, to select authoritative papers on the topic of internationalization of clusters. Based on the title, time of publication (2009 to 2018), and content, 152 articles were selected. Using SciMAT software, all 584 keywords used in these articles were first categorized and then examined in terms of the networks between them, their h-index, centrality, density, and their evolution over the course of ten years (divided into two five-year periods). The results show that in the first five years, keywords such as, Network, Location-distance, and Global, have been at the core of this research topic. While in the second five year period, these keywords have yielded their position to new subjects such as Social capital, Cluster-type, and Development. Moreover, this research correspondingly confirms that the keyword bibliometric analysis produces similar results to a quantitative content analysis. These results therefore open the door to updated research questions for further and better development of the topic.
The destructive effects of industries on the environment are the most crucial reason for the need for firms’ proximity to developing innovative activities such as corporate sustainability. However, most prior efforts have focused on the role of different types of proximity in cluster performances, not the relationship among them. Therefore, this study intends to go one step back, discuss the inter-relationships between different types of proximity, and propose them in a conceptual model as the antecedents of corporate sustainability. These factors are known as the non-specific dimensions of proximity within local clusters: cognitive, organisational, institutional, and social, which received less attention as a theoretical model. To this end, this study invited all members of the European Cluster Cooperation Platform (ECCP) to participate. Among some 1080 European cluster organisations, 113 organisations participated, of which 99 of them were usable for this research. Contrary to existing conceptual theories, the results revealed no strong evidence for significant interrelations among all dimensions of non-specific proximity. Moreover, organisational proximity does not strongly relate to cognitive and social proximities, and there is no meaningful relationship between institutional and social proximities.
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