Purpose: Nursing development is considered as one of the most important ways to achieve the universal health coverage and sustainable development goals in different countries. Nursing in Iran has the potential to provide services at all levels of universal health coverage. Therefore, planning for nursing in Iran needs to recognize the future challenges. This study aims to explore the future challenges of nursing in the health system of Iran from the perspective of nursing experts.Methods: In this qualitative study, 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted with nursing experts by purposive sampling in 2017–2018. Interviews were recorded and transcribed and framework analysis method was used to analysis the data.Results: The results showed that a favorable future requires planning in three areas of nursing “governance challenges” including centralized nursing stewardship, policy-making and legislation, monitoring and evaluation, and cooperation and communication with other institutions, “inadequacy of professional development with social demands” including community-based nursing, nursing upgrades with disease patterns, expanding home care, expanding care centers, and use of technology, “human resource challenges “including nursing education tailored to the needs of the community, empowering nursing managers, recruiting and retaining nurses, and specialized nursing.Conclusions: A favorable future requires a coherent nursing government, professional development of nursing based on social demands, and enhancing human resources in line with the emerging needs of the future.

Cancer is a major public health problem in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate trends in incidence of ten common cancers in Iran, based on the national cancer registry reports from 2004 to 2009. This epidemiological study was carried out based on existing age-standardized estimate cancer data from the national report on cancer registry/Ministry of Health in Iran. The obtained data were analyzed by test for linear trend and P ≥ 0.05 was taken as the significant level. Totals of 41,169 and 32,898 cases of cancer were registered in men and females, respectively, during these years. Overall age-standard incidence rates (ASRs) per 100,000 population according to primary site weres 125.6 and 113.4 in males and females, respectively. Between 2004 and 2009, the ten most common cancers (excluding skin cancer) were stomach (16.2), bladder (12.6), prostate (11), colon-rectum (10.14), hematopoeitic system (7.1), lung (6.1), esophagus (6.4), brain (3.2), lymph node (3.8) and larynx (3.4) in males; and in females were breast (27.4), colon-rectum (9.3), stomach (7.6), esophagus (6.4), hematopoeitic system (4.9), thyroid (3.9), ovary (3.6), corpus uteri (2.9), bladder (3.2) and lung (2.6). Moreover, results showed that skin cancer was estimated as the most common cancer in both sexes. The lowest and the highest incidence in females and males were reported respectively in 2004 and 2009. Over this period, the incidence of cancer in both sexes has been significantly increasing (p<0.01). Like other less developed and epidemiologically transitioning countries, the trend of age-standardized incidence rate of cancer in Iran is rising. Due to the increasing trends, the future burden of cancer in the Iran is going to be acute with the expected increases in aging populations. Determining and controlling potential risk factors of cancer should hopefully lead to decrease in its burden.

Introduction: Resilience refers to the capability of returning to normal life from a sustained difficulty and the ability of self-repair, which despite being exposed to extreme stresses, leads to the success against events and accidents. The current study aimed at determining the resilience of family caregivers of patients with mental disorders. Methods: The current descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 220 individuals. The data collection tools were the forms and questionnaires of resilience developed by Kannor and Davidson. The obtained data were analyzed with SPSS version 16 using the Spearman correlation test, t test, and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: In the current study, the mean ± standard deviation (SD) of resilience of the family caregivers of patients with mental disorders was 16.38±69.93, while 51% of the participants had high resilience. There were no significant relationship between the resilience of caregivers and their demographic characteristics (age, gender, socioeconomic status, and level of education). Conclusions: The findings of the current study can help nurses and other healthcare providers to use the resilience or similar models for health promotion, capacity building, and sustainable recovery from the ongoing difficulties in order to repair themselves, and enhance the socioeconomic and welfare status, and promote the level of tolerance and education in the family caregivers of patients with mental disorders.

Background and aimNonmedical use of prescription drugs needs particular attention. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of prescription-type opioids, methylphenidate and sedative-hypnotics use, and related factors in university students.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, 524 students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences were selected by multi-stage sampling in 2016. A self-report questionnaire had been used examining substance use, religious beliefs and parental support. The questions about substance use were prepared based on the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (WHO ASSIST). Religious beliefs were measured by Kendler’s general religiosity questionnaire. Parental support was measured by the Persian version of Aneshensel and Sucoff’s scale. All of the analysis was performed using Chi-square test, Fisher exact test, independent-samples t-test and binary logistic regression in SPSS 16 software. The level of significance was 0.05.ResultsThe last year prevalence of prescription-type opioids, methylphenidate and sedative-hypnotics use was 16.1%, 3.3%, and 10.3%, respectively. The final model of logistic regression indicated hookah use (OR=2.5), methylphenidate use (OR=4.5), sedative-hypnotics use (OR=2.7), and were associated with students’ prescription-type opioids use. The protective factor was familial support (OR=0.97) for prescription-type opioids use. Moreover, sedative-hypnotics use (OR=5.7) and illicit drug use (OR=27.6) were associated with methylphenidate use among students.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that the prevalence of nonmedical use of prescription drugs is considerably high among students and is in need of interventions to reduce the prevalence of these drugs in universities.

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Background: Nursing development is considered as one of the most important ways to achieve the universal health coverage and sustainable develop goals in different countries. Nursing in Iran has the potential to provide services at all levels of universal health coverage. Therefore, planning for nursing in Iran needs to recognize the future challenges. This study aims to explore the future challenges of nursing in the health system of Iran from the view of expertsMethods: In this qualitative study, 11 semi-structured interviews were conducted with nursing experts by purposive sampling in 2017-2018. Interviews were recorded and transcribed and framework analysis method were used to analysis the data.Results: The results showed that a favorable future requires planning in three areas of nursing governance challenges, including centralized nursing stewardship, policy-making and legislation, monitoring and evaluation, and cooperation and communication with other institutions, inadequacy of professional development with social demands, including community-based nursing, nursing upgrades with disease patterns, expanding home care, expanding care centers, and use of technology, the challenge of human resource management, including nursing education tailored to the needs of the community, empowering nursing managers, recruiting and retaining nurses, and specialized nursing.Conclusions: A favorable future requires establishing a coherent nursing government, professional developing of nursing based on social demands, and enhancing human resources in line with the emerging needs of the future.

Background and aims: Having a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have an impact on the quality of life of his/her parents, particularly his/her mother. However, very limited studies have addressed this issue in Iran and the world. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the quality of life in the mothers of children with ADHD and its effective factors. Methods: The present descriptive-analytic study was carried out in Tehran from April to September 2016. A total of 110 mothers of ADHD children were enrolled in the study through a convenience sampling method, who referred to psychiatric centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. An informed consent form was obtained from all the participants as well. In addition, a researcher-made checklist for demographic characteristics and the 36-item Short Form of Health Survey Questionnaire (SF-36) were utilized for data collection. The collected data were then entered into SPSS 16 statistical software. Finally, descriptive tests (mean and median) and statistical tests including Pearson correlation test, independent t test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for data analysis. Results: The mean age of participated mothers was 39.5 years and most children were males (76.4%). The mean overall score of the quality of life was 60.6 ± 20.4. Among the eight dimensions of the questionnaire, participants achieved the lowest score regarding the dimension of "the role limitations due to emotional problems" with the mean score of 52.43, while the highest score was observed in terms of "the physical function" dimension with the mean score of 77.30. No significant relationship was observed between any of the demographic characteristics and the mean overall score of the quality of life (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In the present study, the quality of life of the mothers was not significantly different from the quality of life of normal mothers. However, the healthcare team should pay more attention regarding some dimensions of the quality of life. Eventually, similar studies are recommended to be conducted due to the lack of sufficient evidence regarding this issue among the mothers of ADHD children.

High-risk behaviors are the main causes of death and disability among youth and adults. Entering university might cause students to go through their first-hand experience of using substances. Aim: This study aimed to detect the subgroups of students based on substance use and assess the effects of religiosity and parental support as well as other related factors on the membership of students in each latent class. Methods: Using a multistage sampling method, this cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016 in Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences (n=524). All students completed a selfreport questionnaire. This questionnaire contained questions about substance use, religious beliefs and familial support. The questions of substance use were prepared using the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (WHO ASSIST). To analyze the data, PROC LCA statistical method was run in SAS9.2. Results: Three latent classes were identified: 1) nonuser (87.5%), 2) tobacco and illicit drug user (8.7%) and 3) polydrug user (3.8%). Having extramarital sex in the last month (OR=28.29, 95% CI; 8.45-94.76), living alone (OR=4.29, 95% CI; 1.01-18.35) and having a higher score of familial support (OR=0.94, 95% CI; 0.89-0.98) were associated with the polydrug user class. Hookah smoking had the highest (11.1%) and non-medical methylphenidate use had the lowest (2.3%) prevalence among the participants of the study. Conclusion: This study revealed that 12.5% of the students were either tobacco and illicit drug users or polydrug users. Thus, focusing on the religiosity and familial support may help design some preventive programs for this stratum of young adults.