Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are an important type of adverse drug events. Yet overall incidence and pattern of DDIs in Iran has not been well documented and little information is available about the strategies that have been used for their prevention. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature on the incidence and pattern of DDIs in Iran as well as the used strategies for their prevention. PubMed, Scopus, electronic Persian databases, and Google Scholar were searched to identify published studies on DDIs in Iran. Additionally, the reference lists of all retrieved articles were reviewed to identify additional relevant articles. Eligible studies were those that analyzed original data on the incidence of DDIs in inpatient or outpatient settings in Iran. Articles about one specific DDI and drug interactions with herbs, diseases, and nutrients were excluded. The quality of included studies was assessed using quality assessment criteria. Database searches yielded 1053 potentially eligible citations. After removing duplicates, screening titles and abstracts, and reading full texts, 34 articles were found to be relevant. The quality assessment of the included studies showed a relatively poor quality. In terms of study setting, 18 and 16 studies have been conducted in inpatient and outpatient settings, respectively. All studies focused on potential DDIs while no study assessed actual DDIs. The median incidence of potential DDIs in outpatient settings was 8.5% per prescription while it was 19.2% in inpatient settings. The most indicated factor influencing DDIs incidence was patient age. The most involved drug classes in DDIs were beta blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), diuretic agents, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Thirty-one studies were observational and three were experimental in which the strategies to reduce DDIs were applied. Although almost all studies concluded that the incidence of potential DDIs in Iran in both inpatient and outpatient settings was relatively high, there is still no evidence of the incidence of actual DDIs. More extensive research is needed to identify and minimize factors associated with incidence of DDIs, and to evaluate the effects of preventive interventions especially those that utilize information technology.
The aim of this study was to systematically review all studies that evaluated the effects of using radio-frequency identification (RFID) for tracking patients in hospitals. Methods:The PubMed and Embase databases were searched (to August 2015) for relevant English language studies, and those that evaluated the effects of a real-time locating systems with RFID for patient tracking in hospitals were identified and extracted. Results:Of the 652 studies found, the 17 relevant studies were extracted for inclusion. Five of the extracted studies used RFID systems in operating theaters, two in emergency departments, one in a magnetic resonance imaging department, one in a radiology room, and the remaining eight studies were in other wards. In these studies, features such as the feasibility, accuracy, precision, reliability, security, level of satisfaction, cost of care, and time efficiency of the RFID systems were reported. Of all the extracted studies, seven evaluated the accuracy of the systems in crowded and unattended areas, and five of these were satisfied with their accuracy. Six evaluated the reliability of the systems, and all of these found the systems to be reliable. Six evaluated time-savings, and all of them reported the systems to be time effective. Two focused on the cost of care, and both of these reported the systems to be cost effective. Conclusions:Although most studies reported a positive impact on the accuracy and precision of patient identification, there is insufficient good evidence to show that RFID systems can accurately localize patients in crowded settings.
BACKGROUND: Sexual education programs can improve sexual awareness and satisfaction. Yet, sex education is ignored in developing countries. Under such circumstances, we have used IT tools to improve sexual education. OBJECTIVE: In this article, we used a mobile application (mHealth) to impart sex education. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was held, in which participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: The control group, with 25 participants, which received only counseling from sex therapists, and the intervention group, with 25 participants, which received the mobile application system in addition to counseling from sex therapists. Participants were persons referred to sex therapists at a clinic. In each group, sexual satisfaction and awareness were evaluated. We measured sexual satisfaction with the help of the Larson questionnaire and sexual awareness by the Ann Hooper questionnaire. Results: Our data demonstrated that sexual satisfaction was not statistically significant (P=0.44), but awareness showed statistically significant differences (P=0.007) in the intervention vs. the control group. Also, the mean in both groups had statistically significant differences before and after the intervention (P=0.001). Conclusion: Our results showed that mobile applications can improve sexual awareness but cannot affect sexual satisfaction in the short term. Trial Registration: The clinical trial was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) under registration ID: IRCT2016110130640N1
Introduction:The importance of patient safety draws attention to reduce and prevent the medication errors and lead to do lots of effort using information technology systems. Using bar code technology in the pharmacy could reduce dispensing errors, but data about its effect are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of medication dispensing errors in pharmacies, equipped/non-equipped with a barcode scanning system. Methods: This research was a prospective and quasi-experimental "post intervention with equivalent control group" study carried out in two community pharmacies in Mashhad, Iran, from January to February 2015. In a pharmacy, a barcode scanning system was used for recognizing medication (Pharmacy A), while such a system was not used in the other one (Pharmacy B). The study population consisted of all the received prescriptions in both pharmacies during a period of two months. The number of relevant transcriptions, prescription filling, and pharmacist action errors (wrong strength, wrong dispensing form, wrong medicine, wrong quantity, omission errors) were assessed. The traveled distance for preparing the prescriptions and the patient waiting time also were considered as outcomes. Results: A total of 2386 and 900 paper prescriptions were received by Pharmacy A and Pharmacy B, respectively. There were 211 (7/7%) dispensing errors in Pharmacy A and 113 (10%) dispensing errors in the Pharmacy B (p <0/05). In Pharmacy A, most error or deficiencies in all prescriptions found in quantity (4.44%) followed by medicine (2.26%), strength (1.09%), omission (0.67%), and dispensing form (0.38%). In Pharmacy B, the frequencies of the errors in all prescriptions vary in the same order, ranging from 5.78% for the wrong quantity, to 4.89% for wrong medicine, to 1.78% for wrong strength, and to 0.11% for wrong dispensing form. No case with omission error was found in pharmacy B. There were statistical significant differences between the two pharmacies in term of "wrong medicine" and the "omission error" (p<0.05). The percentages of transcription, prescription filling, and pharmacist action errors in proportion of all prescriptions of Pharmacy A were calculated at 3.81%, 4.86%, and 0.17%; in Pharmacy B 6.67%, 5.56%, and 0.33%, respectively (p=0. 005, p=0.418, p=0.385, respectively). The errors rate related to medicine were detected at 12.9% in the pharmacy A and 30% in pharmacy B (p=0.013). The traveled distance per
Introduction: The importance of patient safety has drawn attention to reducing and preventing medication errors, which can lead to increased effort in using information technology systems. Using barcode technology in the pharmacy could reduce dispensing errors, but data about its effect are limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of medication dispensing errors in pharmacies, which are equipped/nonequipped with barcode scanning systems. Methods: This research was a prospective and quasi-experimental "post-intervention with equivalent control group" study carried out in two community pharmacies in Mashhad, Iran, from January to February 2015. In a pharmacy, a barcode scanning system was used for recognizing medication (Pharmacy A), while such a system was not used in the other one (Pharmacy B). The study population consisted of all the received prescriptions in both pharmacies during a period of two months. The number of relevant transcription, prescription filling and pharmacist action errors (wrong strength, wrong dispensing form, wrong medicine, wrong quantity, omission errors) were assessed. The traveled distance for preparing prescriptions and patient waiting time also were considered as outcomes. Results: A total of 2386 and 900 paper prescriptions were received by the Pharmacy A and Pharmacy B, respectively. There were 211 (7/7%) dispensing errors in Pharmacy A and 113 (10%) dispensing errors in the Pharmacy B (p<0/05). In Pharmacy A, most error or deficiencies in all prescriptions were found in quantity (4.44%) followed by medicine (2.26%), strength (1.09%), omission (0.67%), and dispensing form (0.38%). In Pharmacy B, the frequencies of the errors in all prescriptions vary in the same order, ranging from 5.78% for the wrong quantity, to 4.89% for the wrong medicine, to 1.78% for wrong strength, and to 0.11% for the wrong dispensing form. No case with omission error was found in Pharmacy B. There were statistical significant differences between the two pharmacies in terms of "wrong medicine" and "omission error" (p<0.05). The percentage of transcription, prescription filling, and pharmacist action errors in proportion of all prescriptions of Pharmacy A were calculated at 3.81%, 4.86%, and 0.17% and in Pharmacy B 6.67%, 5.56%, and 0.33%,
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