The world has experienced many epidemic diseases in the past, SARS, H1N1, and Ebola are some examples of these diseases. When those diseases outbreak, they spread very quickly among people and it becomes a challenge to trace the source in order to control the disease. In this paper, we propose an efficient privacy-preserving contact tracing for infection detection (EPIC) which enables users to securely upload their data to the server and later in case of one user got infected other users can check if they have ever got in contact with the infected user in the past. The process is done privately and without disclosing any unnecessary information to the server. Our scheme uses a matching score to represent the result of the contact tracing, and uses a weight-based matching method to increase the accuracy of the score. In addition, we have developed an adaptive scanning method to optimize the power consumption of the wireless scanning process. Further, we evaluate our scheme in real experiment and show that the user's privacy is preserved, and the accuracy achieves 93% in detecting the contact tracing based on the matching score in an energy efficient way.

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In the present era, Low Back Pain (LBP) is a destructive health problem. It affects many people and accounts for huge economic loss. Office workers have a unique lifestyle while working in sedentary position with poor body posture for long periods of time. The musculoskeletal problems can result in inconvenience or pain with bad impact on the quality of life. Methods: This cross-sectional study was done to find the prevalence and risk factors of LBP among the office workers of King Edward Medical University (KEMU), Lahore, Pakistan. After taking the ethical approval from Institutional Review Board (IRB), KEMU, Lahore, a sample size of 300 office workers was calculated by using proportion formula of sample size estimation with 5% margin of error from KEMU with effect from Jan 2015 to Sep 2015. Participants aged between 18 and 60 years with at least 1 year work experience completed the validated questionnaires. Results: Results showed that point and lifetime prevalence of LBP among office workers of KEMU, Lahore, Pakistan was 29.20% and 69.20%, respectively. LBP prevalence rose with the increase in age, work experience, low education, low physical activity, sleep disturbance, smoking habit, more sitting and standing time, computer use, and low job satisfaction. Conclusion: We concluded that different individual, ergonomic, and psychosocial factors were associated with LBP. Because of high prevalence of LBP among office workers of this university, better ergonomic facilities and awareness about sitting posture, regular exercise, good sleep, and psychological support to the workers were recommended to decrease the effects of predisposing risk factors of LBP.