Choline chloride-based ionic liquids (ILs) have recently received a great deal of attention in many fields of science. In this regard, the mole fraction solubility data of lamotrigine (LTG) in the presence of three choline-based ILs were measured from 298.15 to 313.15 K. The LTG is known as an antiepileptic anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drug. This drug has few side effects in comparison to other drugs, and it has a slightly delayed onset of action because of the poor aqueous solubility of LTG (0.187 g/L at 298.15 K). The used ILs (choline glycinate [Ch][Gly], choline alaninate [Ch][Ala], and choline bitartrate [Ch][Bitar]) increased the drug aqueous solubility. Based on the results of solubility studies, it was clear that [Ch][Gly] has a more pronounced effect on LTG solubility enhancement as compared to the two other ILs. Also, in binary solvent systems (ILs and water), the solubility values increased with the rise of temperature. Analysis of the data showed that the solubility behavior was influenced by some properties, including the polarity, hydrogen bonds, cohesive energy density, and molecular structures. The measured data were fitted to some applicable models. The performance of the used models according to %ARD is e-NRTL (0.66%) > Wilson (4.04%) > Jouyban−Acree (5.59%) > Yalkowsky (5.73%) > Apelblat (5.78%). Additionally, the apparent thermodynamic properties of the dissolution process, including the Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy, were calculated using the van't Hoff and Gibbs equations. The results showed that the dissolution process is an endothermic process and enthalpy-driven in all applied cosolvents. The solubility data for LTG in these neoteric green solvents can be widely used in the pharmaceutical sciences.
In the present study numerical simulation of flow boiling process has been conducted for evaluation of critical heat flux conditions under the effect of different parameters (mass flux, heat flux, channel length and surface roughness). Comparison between the results of the present study and previous researches were done. The comparison shows a good agreement between the present study and previous researches. The three different turbulence models (k-epsilon, k-omega and Reynolds Stress) are considered for simulation of boiling heat transfer and CHF phenomenon. The highest accuracy of simulation is obtained by k-epsilon model. The results express that the wall temperature value of tube with adiabatic and heated boundary conditions for first and second half of the tube is lower than the wall temperature when the fluid flows only in the heated wall section. Reduction of velocity value also leads to reduction of maximum wall temperature value and CHF value. Decreasing Roughness value as an effective parameter leads to an increase in wall temperature. Maximum value of the wall temperature, after CHF point, also increases with increase in heat flux value. CHF depends on the surface roughness and rises with increasing roughness value.
The present research was performed to design interactive model of digital marketing in the area of online service startups based on mobile commerce in modern sociology. Methodology: This study was of fundamental type regarding the objective, and combined type regarding the method of implementation (qualitative and quantitative). The research population consisted of experts familiar with the issue in Hormozgan province in 2020, out of whom 20 were chosen as the sample through purposeful sampling method as the sample. The research instrument of the qualitative part was based on domestic and international research, wide the research instrument for the quantitative section was a 20-item questionnaire based on the qualitative part. In the qualitative section, using fuzzy Delphi method, the factors were identified and confirmed or screened, while they were ranked in the quantitative section using fuzzy DANP method. Findings: The results indicated that after three rounds of fuzzy Delphi, 15 indices were identified across six elements including technical/technological, personal user, social, customer orientation, perceived value, and reliability. Other results based on the fuzzy DANP method indicated that the user personal elements, plus social elements, reliability, perceived value, technological/technical, and customer orientation had the largest weights respectively. In addition, validity, personal innovation, and online experience claimed the first to third ranks in terms of weight.
Conclusion:The results indicated the effective role of three elements of personal user, social, and reliability in comparison to other elements, which could be exploited by managers and planners to improve digital marketing based on mobile commerce.
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