Effects of Physalis minima Linn (PML) methanolic extract on blood glucose level and sperm quality of normoglycaemic mice have been investigated. Twenty four ICR male mice were randomly assigned to four groups and fed with maintenance diets (commercial rat chow, 5 g/head/day and water ad-libitum). Group A (n=6) served as a control and received additional 2 ml/kg bodyweight (bwt) of distilled water. Group B, C and D were supplemented with 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg bwt of PML, respectively. Bodyweight and blood glucose level were monitored on a weekly basis. After four weeks of treatment, all animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and their epididymis was collected and subjected to sperm analysis. Bodyweight was increased (p<0.05) over time but no differences (p>0.05) were observed between treatments. Blood glucose was decreased significantly (p<0.05) in PML treated groups (dose dependent manner) compared to control. Sperm quality was not affected with PML supplementation. In conclusion, PML methanolic extract exhibit hypoglycaemic effect without affecting sperm quality in male mice.
Mesoporous silica of SBA-15 and SBA-16 were successfully synthesized via the surfactant templating technique using tetraorthosilicate (TEOS) as the silica source and both surfactants, pluronic P123 and F127. Two different modified carbon paste electrodes (MCPE) were fabricated; SBA-15/MCPE and SBA-16/MCPE in compared to unmodified electrode, carbon paste electrode (CPE), for ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) determination. Due to the unique properties of mesoporous silica materials, the MCPE fabricated exhibits greater surface enhancement effect, offers better adsorption and increases the response signals of AA and UA towards both MCPEs compared to CPE. The electrochemical behaviours of AA and UA were investigated using cyclic voltammetry. Finally, the electrochemical methods were successfully applied in detection of AA and UA.Keywords: mesoporous silica, electrochemical sensor, SBA-15, SBA-16, synthesis, electrochemical methods AbstrakMesoporus silika SBA-15 dan SBA-16 telah disintesis dengan jayanya melalui teknik templat surfaktan menggunakan tetraortosilikat (TEOS) sebagai sumber silika dan kedua-dua surfaktan, Pluronic P123 dan F127. Dua elektrod pes karbon yang dimodifikasi (MCPE) yang berbeza, SBA-15/MCPE dan SBA-16/MCPE telah dihasilkan dan dibandingkan dengan elektrod pes karbon yang tidak dimodifikasikan (CPE), untuk penentuan asid askorbik (AA) dan asid urik (UA). Dengan sifat-sifat unik bahan silika, MCPE yang telah difabrikasi mempamerkan peningkatan efek permukaan yang baik, penjerapan yang lebih bagus, dan peningkatan signal respon AA dan UA terhadap kedua-dua MCPE berbanding CPE. Perlakuan elektrokimia AA dan UA telah dikenalpasti dengan menggunakan alat voltametri berkitar. Akhirnya, kaedah elektrokimia telah berjaya diaplikasikan dalam pengesanan AA dan UA.
Silica was extracted from power plant bottom ash by alkali fusion method and used to synthesize MCM-41 and SBA-15. As comparison, MCM-41 and SBA-15 were synthesized by using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as pure silica source. All synthesized MCM-41 and SBA-15 were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption to determine the formation of hexagonal pores, Field Emission Scanning Electron Micrograph (FESEM) was used to observe their morphology while Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to obtain the functional group and removal of surfactant after calcinations. XRD results confirmed bottom ash MCM-41 (BA MCM-41), pure SBA-15 (PSBA-15) and bottom ash SBA-15 (BA SBA-15) have well-ordered mesostructures. N 2 adsorption of pure MCM-41 (PMCM-41), PSBA-15 and BA SBA-15 indicated type IV isotherm while BA MCM-41 exhibit type III isotherm. According to FESEM analyses, the particle morphology of bottom ash mesoporous silica was different from those prepared using pure chemical. Morphology of PMCM-41 and PSBA-15 showed rod like particle while BA MCM-41 and BA SBA-15 exhibited agglomerated particle. PMCM-41, PSBA-15 and BA SBA-15 shows ordered hexagonal, high surface area and narrow pore distribution. Keywords: mesoporous silica, MCM-41, SBA-15Abstrak Silika telah diekstrak daripada abu bawah loji janakuasa melalui kaedah gabungan alkali dan digunakan untuk sintesis MCM-41 dan SBA-15. Sebagai perbandingan, MCM-41 dan SBA-15 telah disintesis dengan menggunakan tetraetilortosilika (TEOS) sebagai sumber silika tulen. Semua MCM-41 dan SBA-15 yang telah disintesis dicirikan menggunakan kaedah pembelauan Sinar X (XRD) dan penjerapan nitrogen untuk menentukan pembentukan liang heksagon, mikroskopi elektron pengimbasan pancaran medan (FESEM) digunakan untuk memerhati morfologi manakala Spektroskopi Inframerah Tranformasi Fourier (FTIR) digunakan untuk mengenalpasti kumpulan berfungsi dan penyingkiran surfaktan selepas pengkalsinan. Keputusan XRD membuktikan debu MCM-41 (BA MCM-41), SBA-15 tulen (PSBA-15) dan debu SBA-15 (BA SBA-15) mempunyai mesostruktur yang teratur. Penjerapan N 2 oleh MCM-41 (PMCM-41), PSBA-15 dan BA SBA-15 menunjukkan isoterma jenis IV manakala isoterma jenis III bagi BA MCM-41. Berdasarkan analisis FESEM, morfologi zarah silika mesoporos daripada debu bawah loji janakuasa adalah berlainan berbanding yang disediakan menggunakan bahan kimia tulen. Morfologi PMCM-41 dan PSBA-15 menunjukkan zarah jenis rod manakala BA MCM-41 dan BA SBA-15 wujud sebagai zarah bercampur. PMCM-41, PSBA-15 dan BA SBA-15 mempunyai struktur heksagon yang seragam, luas permukaan yang tinggi dan taburan liang yang kecil. Kata kunci: silika mesoporos, MCM-41, SBA-15 ISSN -2506Nurul Barakah et al: SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MESOPOROUS SILICA MCM-41 AND SBA-15 FROM POWER PLANT BOTTOM ASH 540 Introduction In year 1990s, the researchers of Mobil Corporation discovered MCM-41 molecular sieves can be synthesized by using an inorganic silicate species and organic template [1]. Tetraethylor...
Cocrystallization is one of the potent methods used to modify the physicochemical properties of drugs. Cocrystal of nicotinamide (NIC):p-coumaric acid (COU) was synthesized by a slow evaporation method using acetonitrile. The cocrystals with different feed molar ratios (NIC:COU : 1:1, 1:2, and 2:1) were characterized using DSC, PXRD, and FTIR, which revealed the formation of different polymorphs for each feed molar ratio. A single crystal of the NIC:COU (1:1) cocrystal was analyzed using single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCD), and 1H-NMR revealed a greater cocrystal structure stability compared to the previously published cocrystal. The intermolecular hydrogen bonds, N-H···O, and O-H···O interactions played a major role in stabilizing the cocrystal structure. A molecular modeling technique was used for prediction and surface chemistry assessment of the morphology showed an elongated (along y-axis) octagonal crystal shape which was in a reasonable agreement with the experimental crystal morphology. The reduction in values of the cocrystal solubility in ethanol was supported by the DSC data and simulation of crystal facets where most the crystal facets exposed to polar functional groups. At the concentration of 31.3 µM, NIC:COU (1:1) cocrystal showed more effective DPPH scavenging with 77.06% increased activity compared to NIC at the same concentration.
Cocrystal plays an important role in the pharmaceutical industry to improve the low solubility and bioavailability of drugs. In this study, the cocrystal formation screening was carried out for nicotinamide(NIC) as the API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) with two coformers; cinnamic acid (CIN), and p-coumaric acid (COU) using recrystallization method with different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and acetonitrile) and molar ratios of NIC:CIN and NIC:COU of 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1. The NIC:CIN and NIC:COU mixtures were characterized using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to assess the formation of cocrystal. All characterization data for NIC:CIN mixtures showed that the use of different types of solvents and molar ratios have no significant effect on the formation of the cocrystal. The characterization data showed the formation of similar NIC:CIN cocrystal with no polymorphism with a melting temperature of 96–98 oC for all mixtures. The diffraction pattern of all NIC:CIN also showed similar new peaks at 2θ of 6.7°, 17.7°, 20.6°, 22.4°, and 25.1°. The DSC and PXRD data of NIC:CIN were supported by FTIR which revealed similar hydrogen bonding interaction for all NIC:CIN mixtures. The characterization of NIC:COU mixture revealed four different cocrystal forms with melting points of 118 °C, 152 °C, 160 °C, and 169 °C. The PXRD data of NIC:COU mixture also showed different diffraction patterns signifying distinct crystalline identities which supported with different FTIR spectrum validating the difference in hydrogen bonding interaction. It was observed that the use of different types of solvents did not give significant effects on the formation of NIC:CIN and NIC:COU cocrystals. Keywords: Nicotinamide, Cocrystal Pre-Characterization, DSC, PXRD, FTIR
The interaction of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) with other compounds will affect drugs stability, toxicity, modified dissolution profiles or may form a new compound with the different crystal structure. Acetaminophenol (APAP), the most common drug used widely (also known as Panadol) was mixed with Naringenin (NR) to glance for a new phase of interactions leading to new compound phase. The amide-acid supramolecular heterosynthon; N-H…O interaction between acid and the respective base were observed in the APAP-NR mixture blends. The interaction was prepared by the binary interaction from neat grinding and liquid-assisted grinding techniques at a different stoichiometry of binary mixture ratio of APAP-NR which were 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 molar ratio. The interaction was estimated using Group Contribution Method (GCM) and physicochemical properties were characterized by Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The GCM calculation gave good interaction strength at 212.93 MPa1/2. The ATR-FTIR, DSC and PXRD results obtained revealed an interaction with new phase formed.
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