The preference for sons has been documented not only in Bangladesh but also in many Asian and African countries across various religions and social strata. This paper examines the levels, trends, and differentials in the use of contraceptives and investigates the effects of the preference for sons on contraception in Bangladesh. This research project extracted data from the last four nationally representative Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey datasets (BDHS: 2004, 2007, 2011, and 2014) to examine the trends of preference for sons. The use of contraceptives among the respondents who had only daughters was comparatively lower than among those who had only sons due to a preference for sons. The analysis also reveals that the preference for sons was invariant with regards to various demographic and socioeconomic factors. Moreover, the analysis of religion in all four survey datasets indicates that Muslim women had stronger preferences for sons than their non-Muslim counterparts. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the preference for sons was strongest among women who had no education, did not work, and lived in rural areas.
This article assesses the strength of son preference in Bangladesh, as reflected in fertility behavior. Although the fertility rate for Bangladesh declined from 6.3 children per woman of reproductive age in the year 1975 to 2.3 children in 2014, empirical results show that son preference has still a strong influence on fertility behavior. Keeping cognizant of this fact, this study examines levels and differentials in fertility and also investigates the effects of son preference on fertility in Bangladesh. In addition, the study inspects the underlying factors responsible for son preference. Levels of fertility indicate that the proportion of higher education of a couple is inversely related to fertility, whereas rural and Muslim couples in Bangladesh have more children. The bivariate analysis shows that almost all the independent variables selected for this study have a significant association with parity progression. Findings from multivariate analyses suggest that women with at least one son are less likely to continue childbearing than women without sons at parities 2-3. At most or all parities, continued childbearing is negatively associated with education, access to mass media, and family wealth. A significant source of motivation for parity progression in couples is the desire to have a son.
The purpose of this study is to examine various socio-economic and demographic factors associated with contraception use among adolescents of Bangladesh. For this purpose, the present study utilizes the nationally representative survey data of Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, (National Institute of Population Research and Training (NIPORT), 2009). The cross-tabulation and Logistic regression analyses have been used to estimate the factors affected the use of contraception in Bangladesh. Respondents' education, their husbands' education, type of place of respondents, involvement with NGO program, marital duration, age at first marriage, age of respondent, communication between husband and wife, respondent currently working place, number of visits by family planning (FP) field workers and number of living children. Age at first marriage and age of respondents type of place of residence have been found to have significant effect on contraception use by both cross-tabulation and Logistic regression analyses. The study shows that adolescents who have at least one living child are tend to more use of contraceptive methods than those who have no living child.
Son preference resulting from traditional beliefs, social customs and economic benefits including support of aging parents is widespread not only in Bangladesh but also in many Asian and African countries, which are believed for low levels of contraceptive use. To carry out the research task effectively and efficiently, the research work extracted 16,858 currently married women aged 15-49 out of 17,863 ever-married women from a nationally representative 2014 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey Data (BDHS, 2014) set. Levels of contraceptive prevalence rate of the respondents having only daughters is found only 48.4, which is remarkably lower than the national average (62.4) because of son preference. The analysis reveals that son preference is variant regarding of place of residence and socioeconomic background. Son preference is stronger among illiterate, nonworking women and women above 40 years of age. Moreover, Muslim women have a strong son preference than their Non-Muslim counterparts. The desire for sons can be reduced by making daughters and sons equally dear to parents and also in society.
Working capital management plays centric role in enhancing operational efficiency and their ultimate profitability. Globally financial managers have been searching the proper way on how to utilize working capital components which prolong profitability. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of working capital components on profitability indicators of selected pharmaceutical firms in Bangladesh. The paper used financial data of 9 pharmaceutical firms listed in Dhaka stock exchange (DSE) covered 2011-2015. Two methods were used in this study for analysis data set. Firstly, to measure the relationship between selected variables Pearson Correlation matrix was used. Secondly, multiple regression analysis was used to investigate the impact working capital components on profitability of selected pharmaceutical firms. The study also conducted Durbin Watson test to assess autocorrelation of selected variables. In this study the correlation matrix identified a negative correlation between working capital components and profitability, whereas regression analysis found number of days account receivable (AR) had significant positive and current ratio (CR) and debt ratio (DR) had appeared a significant negative impact on profitability.
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