Near-field electrospinning (NFES) is a micro-or nanofiber production technology based on jetting molten polymer or polymer solution. Thanks to the programmable collector and nozzle movement, it can generate designed patterns in the presence of an electric field. Despite a few shortcomings of NFES, its high resolution, simplicity, precision, high throughput, reproducibility, and low costs have convinced researchers to employ it for various purposes. Furthermore, as the paradigm of fiber-based structures shifts from random textures toward delicate designs, NFES can bridge the gap between existing inefficient processes and aspired technologies for precise patterning. NFES facilitates the production of ultrafine nanofibers because it can be used to fabricate them in every laboratory. These robust fibers are convenient tools for small and additive manufacturing. As such, NFES is considered a potent additive fabrication technology that facilitates the production of complicated patterns as well. It is suggested that near-field electrospun fibers exhibit outstanding results in various applications, owing to their precise and controllable positioning. Meanwhile, the ongoing development of NFES has yet to reach its climax, making it attractive for further research. In this review, the basic principles of NFES, derivatives, limitations, and applications in nanomanufacturing, tissue engineering, microscale electronics, biosensors, and optics are presented.
To investigate the dynamic fracture mechanism related to blast-induced borehole breakdown and crack propagation, 2D distinct element commercial code was used. The dynamic stresses, material status and velocity vectors are plotted and shown to evaluate rock mass failure under blast load. This paper focuses on the propagation and dynamic effects of blast waves in continuum rock masses. In order to investigate the effect of high strain rate loading on rock mass failure, a numerical simulation was conducted. The 2D distinct element code was used to model blast load effect on rock failure and stress distribution through the rock mass due to blast wave propagation. The blast loading history was simplified and applied to the blasthole walls. Accordingly, the interaction of explosive energy transferred to the rock mass from the blasthole pressure was examined as a function of time. A Mohr-Coulomb material model was used for host rock to allow for plastic failure calculations. The conducted numerical study describes the role of dynamic stresses in blasting in a qualitative manner. On the other hand, a free face boundary was considered as a common blast operation which is conducted in surface mining.
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