Enalapril was used for hypertension and congestive heart failure. Di-block mPEG-PCL copolymers were synthesized and used to prepare of polymersomes for controlled release of enalapril as a hydrophilic drug. The various methods such as HNMR, FTIR, GPC, DSC, PCS and AFM performed for characterization of the polymersomes. The results of AFM showed that the polymersomes had spherical structure and the size of nanoparticles was 97 nm. Drug-loading efficiency of nanoparticles from copolymers with compositions of mPEG1-PCL1, mPEG2-PCL2, and mPEG3-PCL3 were 14.43%, 19.8%, and 12.33% respectively. The release profile of enalapril for drug loaded nanoparticles prepared from mPEG3-PCL3 was very fast and release profile for the nanoparticles prepared from mPEG1-PCL1 and mPEG2-PCL2 was sustained. The IC value of enalapril was determined to be 8 μM while EPM/m-PEG-PCL nanoparticles did not show significant toxicity at equal concentrations in comparison with enalapril drug. Therapeutic preparations of mPEG-PCL micelle are calibrated by the mouse LD assay. A dose-finding scheme of the polymeric micelle showed a safe dose of mPEG-PCL micelles was approximately 330 mg/kg in mice. The relationship between the numbers of animals, number of doses, duration of the assay used to estimate the LD and the precision of the assay were investigated. Overall, the results was showed that m-PEG-PCL polymersomes can be considered as a promising carrier for hydrophilic drugs.
The meshless local Petrov-Galerkin method has been modified to develop a meshless numerical technique to solve computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer problems. The theory behind the proposed technique, hereafter called “the meshless control volume method,” is explained and a number of examples illustrating the implementation of the method is presented. In this study, the technique is applied for one- and two-dimensional transient heat conduction as well as one- and two-dimensional advection-diffusion problems. Compared to other methods, including the exact solution, the results appear to be highly accurate for the considered cases. Being a meshless technique, the control volumes are arbitrarily chosen and possess simple shapes, which, contrary to the existing control volume methods, can overlap. The number of points within each control volume and, therefore, the degree of interpolation, can be different throughout the considered computational domain. Since the control volumes have simple shapes, the integrals can be readily evaluated.
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