-In soccer, an attack begins with ball recovery. Therefore, the consistency of this performance indicator during a match and its balanced distribution in the field zones can be one of the distinct characteristics of successful soccer teams. This study aims to investigate the performance consistency of ball recovery during a match within several time periods (6 periods of 15 min) and zones (four zones). To this end, observational methodology and software Focus X2 were adopted to evaluate 28 matches of semi-final teams at FIFA 2014 including Germany, Argentina, Netherlands, and Brazil in terms of ball recovery frequency. In total, 3222 performances were recorded. All teams in each match and in whole competition had homogeneity of distribution of ball recovery during the time periods (χ =37.53, p=0.001, respectively). Most ball recoveries were made in the defensive and middle-defensive zones in accordance with modern soccer. It was found that for a soccer team to be successful, it requires a space distribution of experienced players in the field, which leads to power balance for redesigning a team to be offensive in all zones.Key words: Soccer; Sports; Time. Resumo -No futebol, um ataque começa com recuperação de bola. Por isso, a consistência desse indicador de desempenho pode ser uma das características distintas para o sucesso das equipes de futebol. Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar a consistência da recuperação da bola no desempenho durante um jogo dentro de vários períodos de tempo (6 períodos de 15 min) e zonas (quatro zonas
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between game location (host advantage), match result (win, lose or tie) and the level of aggression in football teams of the Iranian Premier League. The study population consisted of Premier League Football teams (League XIII), and 60 matches (related to 4 teams) that were available for the researcher, were selected as the sample. The current study can be regarded as applied and descriptive, in terms of purpose and data collection, respectively. In order to collect data, the match videos of selected teams were studied, then the results of the observations were written and recorded using Roberts et al. (1999) aggression model. The results showed that no significant difference was found between teams' aggression in host and guest matches (p0.05). But, a significant difference was observed between aggression and match result and the behaviors were more in lost matches (p 0.05). In fact, mental stress caused by the loss resulted to more aggression to win. Hence, a match result, physical aggression and players' position led to significant difference in players' aggression. Therefore, the control and management of aggressive behaviors, especially at the time of failure will result in improved performance and efficiency of football teams. Also, these behaviors can be minimized by providing necessary training on anger management and negative emotions control among players.
One of the new clinical techniques to assess the lower body parameters is the wearable ultrasonic sensors. The device which can measure the static and dynamic balance abilities in sport and clinical setting by the traveled signals of ultrasonic transmitter and receiver between two feet was developed and validated. The new device consisted of a pressure gauge and a digital centimeter indicator and examined the tests in two balanced states of Stork and Y dynamic. First, 210 participants were selected based on convenience sampling. Then, using the new ultrasonic balance device, all samples took each test conducted by the Stork and Y dynamic tests for3 times. The results showed high reliability between the data of static and dynamic balances obtained from the ultrasonic device and through the methods of Stork and Y (the SEBT modified version) (r=0.90; r=0.92). The inter-rater reliabilities of the three-time conduction of the stork and Y dynamic tests were found to be very high (ICC=0.92; ICC=0.91). The ultrasonic balance device was both valid and reliable in measuring the Stork and Y dynamic balance tests. The new device could solve that defects associated with traditional stork and Y dynamic tests.
This study aimed to investigate the effect of part and whole practice on learning basketball lay-up shot skill in young and adolescent male students. Participants were randomly divided into four groups of part and whole practice, namely, part practice-young, whole practice-young, part practice-adolescent, and whole practice-adolescent. After a pretest in basketball lay-up shot test, the training protocol was held for 5 weeks (three sessions per week). After the last training session, the posttest was taken, and 1 week after the posttest, a retention test was performed. The results in the acquisition stage showed a significant difference between the four groups (p = .03). The post hoc test results showed that there was no significant difference between the part and whole practice groups. Also, in the retention phase, there was no significant difference between the groups. However, the part practice-young group performed better than the whole practice-young group, while the whole practice-adolescent group performed better than the part practice-adolescent. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that age is probably not an effective factor in the effectiveness of part and whole practice in learning basketball lay-up shot. However, more research with more practice trials is needed in this regard.
Background: Adolescent's perfectionism primarily has related to stress symptoms. Relationship between aspects of perfectionism and sport performance in no-stress training accompanied with inconsistent results. Objective: Purpose of the present study was to investigate how different aspects of perfectionism predict futsal skill performances during stressful training in adolescent. Methods: Participants were 101 adolescent futsal players. They completed perfectionism inventory, then performed a futsal skill during three blocks of four trials. Two indices took into account: time and performance. Results: There was a significant relationship between positive perfectionism and performance during blocks 1 and 3, when negative perfectionism was considered. A significant positive relationship between negative perfectionism with both time and performance during block 3 was observed. Also, a significant positive correlation in terms of interaction between high positive and high negative perfectionism with the performance in during block 3 found. Conclusion: The findings suggest that positive perfectionism in athletes during training was correlated with high levels of performance, but when crossing blocks, that relationship removed. Also, after observing other's performance, performance in people high negative perfectionism during consecutive trials improved. When interaction between positive and negative perfectionism was considered to predict sport performance, performance in people high positive perfectionism during stressful training impaired.
This study was conducted to examine the extent to which the key features of Game-Based Approaches (GBAs) are used by Iranian Physical Education (PE) teachers with different genders and educational stages, and to identify the strongest predictors of whether they perceive they are teaching games using GBAs. Through an online survey, 256 PE teachers (123 women, 40.6% primary school) completed the questionnaire designed by García-López et al. (2019), which included questions on games content, planning, teaching strategies and assessment. The results showed that Iranian PE secondary school (SS) and primary school (PS) teachers, in addition to focusing on students' technical development, consider games rules as a key element. They were interested in using thematic approaches and modified games. However, the older the students, especially after the 9th grade, the lower was teachers' engagement with teaching through GBAs. SS teachers introduced more theoretical content and structural, technical and tactical elements than PS teachers. The women used GBAs in their teaching more than the men. The use of tactical problems and tactical complexity in the Iranian teachers’ lesson planning were the strongest predictors of their perception of whether they use GBAs in their teaching. The results highlight that Iranian PE teachers’ teaching style, especially in grades above 9th and in boys, must be taken into account to promote students’ technical and tactical capabilities. Key Words: Teaching Games, Pedagogy, Sports, Students, Physical Education
This study aimed to compare mental skills between superior basketball players and gymnasts. Subjects included 161 basketball players (91 experienced: aged 22.47 ± 2.27, and 70 inexperienced, aged 23.13 ± 2.2) and 114 gymnasts (66 experienced; aged 22.77 ± 2.03 and 48 inexperienced, aged 22.79 ± 2.25). The questionnaire used for this study was OMSAT-3 that assessed mental skills in three main categories of foundation mental skills, psychosomatic skills and cognitive skills. Results showed significant differences between elite and sub-elite basketball players and gymnasts in basic mental skills, psychosomatic skills and cognitive skills. These results will help coaches and athletes to improve their performance and consolidate and expand the use of mental skills they need for each competition in closed and open sport skills.
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