The disease outbreak COVID-19 pandemic impacted public health and safety and the educational systems worldwide. For fear of the further spread of diseases, most educational institutions, including Bangladesh, have postponed their face-to-face teaching. Therefore, this study explores public university student’s perceptions towards online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Data had collected among students of Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh, through an online survey. The study followed a quantitative approach, where the survey technique was used as an instrument of data collection. Results showed that most students faced difficulty participating in virtual classes and could not communicate with their friends correctly during online classes. Thus, they faced challenges in online schooling, and the majority of the students preferred conventional types of learning to virtual classes and did not understand the content of virtual classes easily. The study also explored that most students did not feel comfortable in online classes. Still, considering the present pandemic situation, they decided to participate in online classes to continue schooling. Besides, the study discovered that female students showed a better view than male students regarding online classes, and urban students have more positive appreciation than rural students. Furthermore, laptop or personal computer users showed more positive perceptions towards online education than mobile users. Moreover, Broadband/Wi-Fi users have more positive perceptions than mobile network users. These findings would be an essential guideline for governments, policymakers, technology developers, and university authorities for making better policy choices in the future.

As the most vulnerable climatic region in the country, Khulna City is increasingly experiencing climate‐change‐induced urban problems. For instance, occupancy by climate migrants (delete the term “illegal migrant”), drainage congestion, water logging and reduced fresh water availability are all increasing problems. In the last decade, the population in the city increased by more than 20 per cent due to migration from nearby climate vulnerable districts. This study explores the health disorders of climate migrants occupying the urban slums and squats of the Khulna City area. This study found that these climate migrants settled in the urban slums and squats and, as such, they do not have access to urban amenities such as clean drinking water, hygiene services, and health facilities. This study noted that these displaced people are at increased risk of health issues from unhygienic and overcrowded living conditions and from water and sanitation problems. They often suffer from different waterborne diseases, under‐nutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. This study suggests that there is a need for better planning, preparation and training in Bangladesh to which migrants move, including better training in health and related services on how to recognize and respond to health problems that may be slow to manifest. Education and training also need to be provided for the migrants themselves, to help them adapt culturally and to enhance their skills and potential for employment.

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Dhaka has experienced high economic growth escorted by rapid urbanization. Physical infrastructures of Dhaka city are growing day by day with the swiftness of rapid urbanization. It revealed that most of the physical infrastructures such as buildings of Dhaka city did not follow the characteristics of sustainability thereby resulting in significant threats to the well-being of the people. In this perspective, ensuring sustainability in buildings is a time-worthy issue in Bangladesh. In this article, we have tried to address the issues of sustainable building and propose a sustainable and smart design which will swathe the criteria of environment, social and economic sustainability of Dhaka city. If the majority of the objectives of proposed design are met, the building will be more probable to meet the changing requirements of the settlers and make it a more sustainable, protected, secure, efficient and environmentally friendly place to stay.

Salinity is described as the mass in grams of the dissolved inorganic matter in 1 kg of water (Stumm and Morgan 1996). It is hence asserted as S‰in parts per thousand. Seawater has a notably uniform salinity between 33‰ and 37‰. Salinity is also usually measured using the electrical conductivity of water, or more correctly, its specific conductance. The units generally used are either Siemens.cm À1 or mhos.cm À1 (Harris 2009). Infectious disease (or communicable disease) is defined as a sickness caused by a specific infectious agent or its toxic product that appears from the transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptive host, either directly or indirectly through an intermediate plant or animal host, vector or inert environment (Last 1988). At the same time, infection is the word that characterizes the entry and development of an infectious agent in a human or animal body, whether or not it develops into a disease (Barreto et al. 2006).