Attention, as it is now defined as a process matching data from the environment to the needs of the organism, is one of the main aspects of human cognitive processes. There are several aspects to attention including tonic alertness (a process of intrinsic arousal that varies by minutes to hours), phasic alertness (a process that causes a quick change in attention as a result of a brief stimulus), selective attention (a process differentiating multiple stimuli), and sustained attention (a process maintaining persistence of response and continuous effort over an extended period). Attention dysfunction is associated with multiple disorders; therefore, there has been much effort in assessing attention and its domains, resulting in a battery of tests evaluating one or several attentional domains; instances of which are the Stroop color-word test, Test of Everyday Attention, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, and Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery. These tests vary in terms of utilities, range of age, and domains. The role of attention in human life and the importance of assessing it merits an inclusive review of the efforts made to assess attention and the resulting tests; Here we highlight all the necessary data regarding neurophysiological tests which assess human attentive function and investigates the evolution of attention tests over time. Also, the ways of assessing the attention in untestable patients who have difficulty in reading or using a computer, along with the lack of ability to comprehend verbal instructions and executive tasks, are discussed. This review can be of help as a platform for designing new studies to researchers who are interested in working on attention and conditions causing deficits in this aspect of body function, by collecting and organizing information on its assessment.
Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, affects almost every aspect of human life. To confront this crisis, a separate ward called gray area was designed for emergency departments (EDs) and applied at the provincial level in East-Azerbaijan, Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of this project, increase the serviceability and segregation of the location of infected patients, and show how feasible and fruitful it can be. Methods: This study is an analytical study. The statistical data collection from 39 hospitals was performed between 20 March to 21 September 2020. Descriptive Statistics as well as correlation coefficients were calculated using the 26th version of IBM SPSS. Results: Among 77489 COVID-19 patients admitted to the EDs, approximately 0.38% of patients died in EDs. 22.63% of EDs area was allocated to COVID-19 patients and 70.46% of ED nurses, worked in the gray area. There was no significant correlation between area, number of patients, number of nurses, number of shifts of nurses, number of nurses for each patient, number of nurse shifts for each patient, and area for each patient with mortality rate and rates of disposition in 6 and 12 hours. Conclusion: Gray area is an appropriate strategy to confront COVID-19 in EDs and if more studies approve these results, this strategy can be used to confront this pandemic and future similar conditions in resource-limited countries.
Introduction: Pterygium is defined as a growth of the conjunctiva over the cornea, is a progressive disorder main in advanced ranges to visible impairment, restriction of ocular motility, chronic inflammation and cosmetic concerns. Surgical elimination is the therapy of choice, but recurrence can be a problem. The goal of this study is to examine fibrin glue versus suturing on contrast sensitivity in sufferers present process pterygium excision with free conjunctival autograft. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study, 36 patients with pterygium and indication for pterygium surgery had been blanketed in this learn about in two groups of 18 patients. The first group underwent pterygium excision and conjunctivolimbal autograft using suture and the second group underwent pterygium excision and conjunctivolimbal autograft the usage of Fibrin Glue. Patients' contrast sensitivity earlier than and six months after surgical treatment have been measured the usage of a functional acuity contrast test (F.A.C.T) panel beneath the identical prerequisites and by way of one expert person. Results: Among all the variables related to the history of cataract surgery and history of cataract disease, disease characteristics, symptoms and complications of surgery and recurrence of the disease in the subjects were assessed using statistical methods. The foreign body sensation in the agencies of patients undergoing pterygium and conjunctival autograft via suture method used to be significantly greater than Fibrin Glue approach (P = 0.026). Among the variables related to visual status and contrast sensitivity components, logarithm of contrast sensitivity (Log Cs) far B earlier than and after surgery, Log Cs far C after surgery, Log Cs near B before surgery and Log Cs near D before surgery in the groups of sufferers undergoing pterygium and conjunctival autograft by means of suture technique used to be drastically greater than Fibrin Glue technique (P < 0.05) Between the time periods before and 6 months after surgery, the variables of Spherical equivalent refraction, Log Cs far C, Log Cs far D, Log Cs far E, Log Cs near C, Log Cs near D and Log Cs near E in the groups of patients undergoing pterygium and conjunctival autograft by Fibrin Glue method and in the variables of Log Cs far B, Log Cs far E, Log Cs near B, Log Cs near D and Log Cs near E in the groups of sufferers present process pterygium and conjunctival autograft by suture method, there have been no statistically vast modifications (P > 0.05). Conclusion: In phrases of evaluating the difference in contrast sensitivity postoperative between the two agencies of suture and Fibrin Glue, except for the far contrast sensitivity at low spatial frequencies, there was no difference between the two groups. Therefore, we conclude that due to the high cost and the need for surgery of several patients simultaneously when using Fibrin Glue method, the use of the suture method can be equally effective and acceptable.
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