No abstract

Evidence map of the association between urological cancer and air pollutants. The left panel shows the total number of studies (number of ecological studies between parentheses), color-coded based on number of available studies (from light green for 1 to dark green for 4). The right panel shows, for bladder cancer, the strength of the evidence assessed for each individual studies using the New-Castle Ottowa score (NOS) as y-axis (here we present the average of the NOS by pollutant and outcome, and the line depicts a NOS of 6, our cut-off to define good-quality articles), and for each pair of outcome-pollutant using the GRADE approach.The results of this review showed a suggestive association between kidney and bladder cancer risk and air pollution, however the conclusions are based on few studies and most of them with a low GRADE score.