A new method was applied for extraction of five chlorophenols from soil and marine sediment samples. Microwave-assisted extraction coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by semi-automated in-syringe back-extraction technique was used as an extraction technique. Microwave-assisted extraction was performed by using 2.0 mL of alkaline water at pH 10.0. After extraction, the pH of extraction solution was adjusted at 6.0 and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction procedure was done using 1.0 mL of acetone as a disperser solvent and 37.0 μL of chlorobenzene as extraction solvent. About 20.0 ± 0.5 μL sedimented phase was collected after centrifugation step. Then, chlorophenols were back extracted into 20 μL of alkaline water at pH 12.0 within the microsyringe. Finally, 20.0 μL of aqueous solution was injected into high performance liquid chromatography with ultra violet detection for analysis. The obtained recovery and preconcentration factors for the analytes were in the range of 68.0-82.0% and 25-30, respectively, with relative standard deviations ≤7.6%. The limits of the detection were found in the range of 0.0005-0.002 mg/kg. The method provides a simple and fast procedure for the extraction and determination of chlorophenols in soil and marine sediment samples.
A new pretreatment method, SPE combined with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, was proposed for the determination of abamectin in citrus fruit samples for the first time. In this method, fruit samples were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by SPE. Then, the SPE was used as a disperser solvent in the next dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction step for further purification and enrichment of abamectin. The effects of various parameters on the extraction efficiency of the proposed method were investigated and optimized. Good linearity of abamectin was obtained from 0.005 to 10.0 mg/kg for B1a and from 0.05 to 10.0 mg/kg for B1b with correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.998 for B1a and 0.991 for B1b, respectively. The LODs were 0.001 and 0.008 mg/kg (S/N = 3) for B1a and B1b, respectively. The relative recoveries at three spiked levels were ranged from 87 to 96% with the RSD less than 11% (n = 3). The method has been successfully applied to the determination of abamectin in citrus fruit samples.
In this study, simple and efficient ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography (GC) was developed for the preconcentration and determination of methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in water samples. One hundred microliters of benzyl alcohol was injected slowly into 10 mL home-designed centrifuge glass vial containing an aqueous sample with 30% (w/v) of NaCl that was located inside the ultrasonic water bath. The formed emulsion was centrifuged and 2 µL of separated benzyl alcohol was injected into a gas chromatographic system equipped with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) for analysis. Several factors influencing the extraction efficiency such as the nature and volume of organic solvent, extraction temperature, ionic strength and centrifugation times were investigated and optimized. Using optimum extraction conditions a detection limit of 0.05 µg L -1 and a good linearity (r 2 = 0.998) in a calibration range of 0.1-500 µg L -1 were achieved. This proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of MTBE in tap, well and a ground water sample contaminated by leaking gasoline from an underground storage tank (LUST) in a gasoline service station.
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