The complexes (C Me ) Th(EHTipp) , (E=P or As; Tipp=2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl), provide a ligand framework that results in facile access to rare Th-E multiple bonds. The reaction of (C Me ) Th(EHTipp) with KN(SiMe ) , proceeds cleanly to the desired bridging phosphinidiide or arsinidiide complex, [{(C Me ) Th(μ -ETipp)(μ -EHTipp)}K] under ambient conditions. In the absence of a chelating agent, the potassium cation of one monomeric unit interacts with the aryl ring of a second monomer to form a bridged dimer. In the presence of 2,2,2-cryptand, the terminal phosphinidene complex, [(C Me ) Th=PTipp(PHTipp)][K(2,2,2-cryptand)] is isolated. Using X-ray crystallographic analysis, we have determined these complexes display the shortest Th-P and Th-As bond lengths reported.
Objectives: The study aimed to determine major clinical risk factors for seizures in febrile children aged 6-60 months. Methods: One hundred seventy five febrile children aged 6-60 months with or without seizure were studied. Demographic, family history of epilepsy, family history of febrile seizure, type of parturition, smoking in pregnancy, infection diseases, and other predisposing factors were analyzed. Results: Among the 175 children (97 patients with febrile seizure as the case group and 78 febrile patients without seizure as the control group), 90 cases (51.4%) were female and 85 cases (48.6%) were male with the average age of 23.02 ± 17.78 months. There was no significant difference between the groups in age and sex (P = 0.05). Seizure was simple in 73 patients (75.3%) and complex in 24 patients (24.7%). There was a family history of febrile seizure in 24 patients of the case group (24.7%) and one patient of the control group (1.3%) (P < 0.001). There was a family history of epilepsy in 17 (17.5%) and three (3.8%) patients in the case and control groups, respectively (P = 0.005). The upper respiratory infection was detected more in the case group (P < 0.001). 62 patients (63.9%) of the case group and 30 patients (40%) of the control group were delivered via cesarean sections (P = 0.002). The family history of epilepsy, cesarean section, family history of FS, and upper respiratory tract infection were recognized as the risk factors for convulsion in febrile children with 11.35, 3.43, 25.33, and 6.26 odds ratios, respectively. Conclusions: The family history of epilepsy, cesarean section, family history of febrile seizure, and upper respiratory tract infection are the most common risk factors for seizure in febrile children.
Formation of long-lasting memory lymphocytes is one of the foundational characteristics of adaptive immunity and the basis of many vaccination strategies. Following the rapid expansion and contraction of effector CD8 T cells, the surviving antigen (Ag)-specific cells give rise to the memory CD8 T cells that persist for a long time and are phenotypically and functionally distinct from their naïve counterparts. Significant heterogeneity exists within the memory CD8 T cell pool, as different subsets display distinct tissue localization preferences, cytotoxic ability, and proliferative capacity, but all memory CD8 T cells are equipped to mount an enhanced immune response upon Ag re-encounter. Memory CD8 T cells demonstrate numerical stability under homeostatic conditions, but sepsis causes a significant decline in the number of memory CD8 T cells and diminishes their Ag-dependent and -independent functions. Sepsis also rewires the transcriptional profile of memory CD8 T cells, which profoundly impacts memory CD8 T cell differentiation and, ultimately, the protective capacity of memory CD8 T cells upon subsequent stimulation. This review delves into different aspects of memory CD8 T cell subsets as well as the immediate and long-term impact of sepsis on memory CD8 T cell biology.
The role of trace elements in febrile seizure (FS) was considered recently. The present study was performed evaluating the serum level of selenium in febrile children aged 6-60 months with and without seizure. A cross-sectional study was performed in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Sixty patients aged 6-60 months including 30 children with FS and 30 febrile children without seizure were included. Blood sample was taken, and the serum level of selenium was measured. Data was analyzed using SPSS software. Sixteen patients in FS group (53.3%) and 10 patients in febrile group (33.3%) were males with an average age of 25.21 ± 15.91 and 26.47 ± 17.61 months, respectively. There was no significant difference between groups in age and sex (p = 0.77 and p = 0.19, respectively). The serum level of selenium was 87.34 ± 8.23 and 89.63 ± 9.83 µg/L in FS and febrile groups, respectively. Difference was not significant (p = 0.33). In children aged less than 1 year, the serum level of selenium in FS and febrile group was 83.32 ± 6.2 µg/L and 82.55 ± 8.32 µg/L, respectively. Difference was not significant (p = 0.87). In children aged more than 1 year, the serum level of selenium in FS significantly was lower compared to febrile group (87.96 ± 8.42 µg/L and 93.17 ± 8.66 µg/L, respectively, p = 0.04). The serum level of selenium was lower in children aged more than 1 year with febrile seizure compared to febrile ones.
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