A recombinant plasmid containing the Rous sarcoma virus-long terminal repeat (RSV-LTR) promoter linked to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) growth hormone (GH) cDNA was microinjected into fertilized carp eggs. Genomic DNA extracted from pectoral fin of individual presumptive transgenic fish was analyzed by dot blot and Southern blot hybridization, using the RSV-LTR and/or the GH cDNA sequences as probes. Out of 365 presumptive transgenic fish analyzed, 20 individuals were found to contain pRSV-rtGH-cDNA sequence in the genomic DNA. Expression of the trout GH polypeptide was detected by immunobinding assay in the red blood cells of nine transgenic fish tested. The level of expression, however, varied among the transgenics and could not be correlated with exogenous DNA copy number. Although there was considerable variation in the sizes of the transgenic fish, those microinjected during the one-cell stage were (P less than 0.05) 22% larger, on the average, than their sibling controls. A randomly selected fraction of the progeny derived from crosses between transgenic males and non-transgenic females inherited the foreign DNA. These transgenic progeny grew faster (P less than 0.05) than their non-transgenic siblings.
A key is given to the world genera of the chalcidoid family Aphelinidae. Forty-four genera are accepted as valid, including three described as new, Encarsiella (type-species E.noyesi sp.n.), Hirtaphelinus (type-species H.smetanai sp.n.) and Samariola (type-species Xcamerounensis sp.n.). The key is followed by a synopsis of the world genera, which includes: (1) citations of valid genera and their synonyms in chronological order; ( 2 ) total or approximate number of described species; (3) distribution in the six zoogeographical regions; (4) references mainly to major works and revisions; and (5) comments, especially on the new synonymies introduced in the present paper. The following new synonymies are proposed (the senior synonyms (valid names) are noted in paren-
Abstract. Dirphys and Encarsiella are revised for the world, and include four and six species respectively. Three Dirphys and two Encarsiella species are described as new. Generic diagnoses and keys to world species of Dirphys and Encarsiella are provided, and their biology is reviewed. These genera are related to the large and economically very important genera Coccophagus and Encarsia, which between them contain about 400 currently valid species. Encarsiella was recently synonymized with Dirphys, and both have previously been confused with Coccophagus and Encarsia, adding to the difficulty surrounding the taxonomy of the latter genera. Computerized character analysis based on parsimony supports the reinstatement of Encarsiella as a valid genus and shows relationships between Dirphys, Encarsia and Encarsiella.
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