BackgroundAmeloblastoma is a neoplasm classified as a benign epithelial odontogenic tumor of the jaws, grow slowly and are locally invasive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the incidence, treatment, and complication of patients with ameloblastoma in East-Indonesia during six years retrospective study.Material and MethodsThis retrospective study included 84 patients who were diagnosed with ameloblastoma from 2011 to 2016. There were 56 patients with treatment data available. Data from each patient, including gender, age, histologic type, the size of the tumor, radiologic form, tumor location, type of treatment, and complication were reviewed and analyzed retrospectively.ResultsFourteen patients were diagnosed with unicystic ameloblastoma (25%), thirty two patients with multicystic follicular ameloblastoma (57%) and ten patients with an unspecified multicystic ameloblastoma (18%). A total of about 35 patients were treated conservatively (62.5%) and 21 patients were treated radically (37.5%). Swelling was present as a pre-operative complication in all 56 cases (100%). There were no complaints concerning speech.ConclusionsThe majority findings of the histologic type were multicystic ameloblastoma and their location were in the mandible. Most ameloblastoma were treated conservatively and reconstructions were made with only titanium plates and not bone graft. Key words:Ameloblastoma, epidemiology, east Indonesia.

Background: Bleeding is a recognized complication, frequently encountered immediately following the removal of a tooth. This bleeding can be easily controlled in most cases, and almost completely stops within eight hours after the extraction. However, sometimes it may continue, resulting in a life‐threatening situation. Cases: Six cases of post-extraction bleeding due to local and systemic factors with different etiologies were presented, followed by a literature review to further discuss the diagnosis and management of bleeding. Conclusions: Bleeding after tooth extraction requires a careful history and evaluation in establish-ing a diagnosis with appropriate management to avoid more serious bleeding complications.

Third molar odontectomy is a common oral and maxillofacial surgical procedure associated with local tissue injury with varying levels of postoperative pain. Acute pain management guidelines recommend multimodal treatment because its additive or synergistic effects between drugs can enhance analgesia which can be achieved at lower doses, therefore, potentially reduce the risk of side effects. This study aimed to discuss the effectiveness of the combination of ibuprofen and paracetamol on the quality of analgesia after third molar odontectomy. This was a literature review using PubMed and Google Scholar databases for original articles, case reports, and reviews, and the keywords were post odontectomy pain, multimodal analgesia, ibuprofen, and paracetamol. The results obtained seven literatures; six of them reported that the combination of ibuprofen and paracetamol in various dosages had a better analgesia effect and a faster onset than a single dose. In conclusion, the combination of para-cetamol and ibuprofen provides much better analgesic effect and faster onset than comparable doses of single agent or placebo in adults after third molar odontectomy. Keywords: odontectomy; pain; ibuprofen; paracetamol   Abstrak: Odontektomi molar tiga ialah tindakan bedah regio oral dan maksilofasial yang umum dilakukan dan terkait cedera jaringan lokal dengan berbagai tingkat nyeri pasca operasi. Pedoman manajemen nyeri akut merekomendasikan pengobatan multimodal karena efek aditif atau sinergis antar obat dapat meningkatkan analgesia yang efeknya dapat dicapai pada dosis lebih rendah dan berpotensi mengurangi risiko efek samping. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas efektivitas kombinasi ibuprofen dan parasetamol terhadap kualitas analgesia pasca odontektomi molar tiga. Jenis penelitian ialah suatu literature review, dan pencarian menggunakan PubMed dan Google Scholar untuk artikel asli, laporan kasus, dan ulasan dengan kata kunci nyeri pasca odontektomi, analgesia multimodal, ibuprofen, dan parasetamol. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan  tujuh literatur, enam di antaranya melaporkan bahwa kombinasi ibuprofen dan parasetamol dalam berbagai varian dosis memiliki efek analgesia yang lebih baik dan onset yang lebih cepat dibanding dosis tunggal. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah kombinasi parasetamol dan ibuprofen memberikan efek analgesik yang lebih baik dan onset yang lebih cepat dibandingkan dengan dosis tunggal atau plasebo pada orang dewasa setelah odontektomi molar ketiga. Kata kunci: odontektomi;  nyeri; ibuprofen; parasetamol

The aim of the present study was to analyse the peel waste of Xylocarpus granatum fruits as potential source of tyrosinase inhibitors. Dried peel samples were ground to yield a powder (simplicia). Subsequently, they were extracted with organic solvents of distinct polarity levels, namely n-hexane (non-polar), chloroform (semi-polar) and methanol (polar) by use of the single-maceration method. Inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity (monophenolase) and DOPA auto-oxidation (diphenolase) were determined in bioassays. Assays with the methanol extract revealed IC50 values of 784.87 μg mL-1 (monophenolase) and of 1176.66 μg mL- 1 (diphenolase), respectively. In contrast, n-hexane and chloroform extracts showed no activity. These results indicate that the methanolic fruit peel extract contained tyrosinase-inhibiting compounds, such as flavonoids, tannins and saponins, whereas the nhexane and chloroform extracts yielded alkaloids, steroids and triterpenoids without tyrosinase-inhibiting activity. The phenolic compounds had a strong effect on the tyrosinase enzymes, inhibiting monophenolases by 97% and diphenolases by 96%, with a positive correlation between the total phenolic content and the inhibition rate in both activities. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kulit buah Xylocarpus granatum sebagai sumber potensial inhibitor tirosinase. Sampel kering digiling untuk menghasilkan (serbuk) simplisia. Berikutnya, simplisia diekstraksi dengan pelarut organik dengan tingkat kepolaran yaitu n-heksana (non polar), kloroform (semi polar) dan metanol (polar) dengan menggunakan metode maserasi tunggal. Pengaruh inhibisi didalam aktivitas tirosinase (monofenolase) dan auto-oksidasi DOPA (difenolase) ditentukan di dalam uji. Uji ekstrak metanol menunjukkan masing-masing nilai IC50: 784,87 μg mL-1 (monofenolase) dan nilai IC50: 1176,66 μg mL- 1 (difenolase). Sebaliknya, ekstrak n-heksana dan kloroform menunjukkan tidak ada aktivitas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol kulit buah X. granatum mengandung senyawa-senyawa yang menghambat aktivitas tirosinase seperti flavonoid, tanin dan saponin sedangkan ekstrak n-heksana dan kloroform menghasilkan senyawa alkaloid, steroid, dan triterpenoid tanpa penghambatan aktivitas tirosinase. Senyawa fenolik mempunyai pengaruh kuat dalam menginhibisi enzim tirosinase baik aktivitas monofenolase sebesar 97% dan aktivitas difenolase sebesar 96% dengan korelasi positif antara kandungan total fenol dan tingkat inhibisi pada kedua aktivitas

Defek pada bibir dapat diklasifikasikan dalam kategori kecil, sedang dan besar. Defek kecil dapat di tutup secara langsung tanpa membutuhkan flap, sedang defek yang besar membutuhkan penutupan/rekonstruksi dengan menggunakan flap lokal. Kasus luka bakar relatif jarang mengenai rongga mulut termasuk bibir, namun pada kasus ini dilaporkan seorang pria berusia 55 tahun yang dirujuk dengan keluhan luka bakar karena sengatan listrik pada bagian otot bibir bawah. Dilakukan repair dan rekonstruksi defek dengan menggunakan Flap Karapadzic dan memberikan hasil yang cukup memuaskan paska kontrol 6 bulan.