. disclosure Dr. Becske is a consultant/proctor in the use of the Pipeline Embolization Device for Covidien. Dr. Saatci's institution received fees for participation in review activities from Chestnut Medical, and she received consultancy fees from ev3/Covidien. Dr. McDougall received consultancy fees from the Covidien Medical Advisory Board. Dr. Szikora and his institution received consulting fees or honoraria from Chestnut Medical, and he received consultancy fees from Stryker Neurovascular and ev3/ Covidien and speaker's and service fees for being on speakers' bureaus of Stryker Neurovascular and ev3/Covidien. Dr. Lanzino's institution received consulting fees or honoraria from ev3/Covidien and support for travel to meetings for the study or other purposes from ev3/Covidien for presentation to a FDA panel; his institution received an unrestricted educational grant from ev3/Covidien. Dr. Moran is a chief medical officer for Covidien, and he received fees from ev3/Covidien for lectures and for development of educational presentations. Dr. Woo's institution received funds for grants or for pending grants from Siemens and from MicroVention; he received royalties paid by Codman and Shurtleff for an acute stroke device after acquisition of Revasc and travel/accommodations/meeting expenses unrelated to this study from Siemens; and he is the President/CFO of Vascular Simulations. Dr. Berez was an employee of Chestnut Medical and ev3/Covidien and received patent royalties from Covidien; he has stock/stock options in Chestnut Medical and Covidien, and is a founder and employee of Chestnut; he received
Ocular myasthenia gravis is a not uncommon autoimmune disorder causing diplopia, ptosis, and weakness of lid closure. The predilection of myasthenia for the ocular muscles may be related to differences between limb and extraocular muscles in either physiological function or antigenicity. Clinically, ocular myasthenia can mimic any form of pupil-sparing ocular motility disorder. Dynamic abnormalities of myasthenic eye movements may reflect the primary hallmarks of the disease, which are fatigability and variability in strength, or secondary adaptive effects by the central nervous system. Tests to confirm the diagnosis include edrophonium challenge, repetitive nerve stimulation, single-fiber electromyography (EMG) of the frontalis, and assays for antibody directed against the acetylcholine receptor: all are less sensitive for ocular myasthenia than for generalized myasthenia. There is a higher incidence of other autoimmune conditions in myasthenia, notably thymoma and thyroid dysfunction. The differential diagnosis includes other diseases of the neuromuscular junction, such as Lambert-Eaton syndrome and botulism. Treatment consists of symptomatic use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and immunosuppression with steroids or azathioprine. Between 50 and 70% of patients with ocular myasthenia will eventually develop generalized disease: there is some retrospective data that steroids or azathioprine may reduce this by about 75%. The role of thymectomy in ocular myasthenia remains unclear.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Recent techniques of endoluminal reconstruction with flow-diverting stents have not been incorporated into treatment algorithms for cavernous carotid aneurysms. This study examines the authors' institutional experience and a systematic review of the literature for outcomes and complications using the Pipeline Embolization Device in unruptured cavernous carotid aneurysms.
Measurements of the dynamics of the eyes in ocular motor nerve palsies may aid diagnosis, characterize peripheral and central palsies, and reveal adaptive properties of the brain. Saccadic and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) functions of patients with peripheral and central sixth, and peripheral third and fourth nerve palsies were studied by three dimensional magnetic field search coil oculography. Combined third and fourth cranial nerve microvascular ischaemic palsy in diabetes mellitus produced low ratios of intorsion to adduction amplitudes. Presumed isolated third nerve palsy caused higher ratios of adduction to intorsion and violations of Listing's law. The VOR in third, fourth, and sixth nerve palsies reveals adaptive equilibration of the action of paretic agonist and their non-paretic antagonist muscles in violation of Hering's law during head motion. Saccadic speeds in the field of paretic agonists are repaired in chronic peripheral palsies despite limited ductions, but remain reduced in central palsies. Limited intorsion with third nerve palsy is attributed to concurrent fourth nerve ischaemia in the distribution of the inferolateral trunk of the intracavernous carotid artery. Adaptive repair of the VOR after ocular motor nerve palsies reduces asymmetric retinal image slip and binocular disparity, and repair of saccadic velocity drives both eyes rapidly and simultaneously into the paretic field of motion.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.