Mitochondrial calcium (Ca 2+ ) dynamics play critical roles in regulating vital physiological conditions in the brain. Importantly, Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes serve different cellular functions including Ca 2+ signaling, bioenergetics, phospholipid biosynthesis, cholesterol esterification, programmed cell death, and communication between the two organelles. Several Ca 2+ -transport systems specialize at the mitochondria, ER, and their contact sites that provide tight control of mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling at the molecular level. The biological function of Ca 2+ channels and transporters as well as the role of mitochondrial Ca 2+ signaling in cellular homeostasis can open new perspectives for investigation and molecular intervention. Emerging evidence suggests that abnormalities in ER/mitochondrial brain functions and dysregulation of Ca 2+ homeostasis are neuropathological hallmarks of neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, but little evidence is available to demonstrate their relationship to disease pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches. In recent years, the detection of the molecular mechanism regulating cellular Ca 2+ homeostasis and also mitochondrial functions have expanded the number of targeted treatments.The main experimental data identify beneficial effects, whereas some scientific trials did not meet the expectations. Together with an overview of the important function of mitochondria, this review paper introduced the possible tested therapeutic approaches that target mitochondria in the context of neurodegenerative diseases. Since these treatments in neurological disorders have shown different degrees of progress, it is essential to perform a detailed assessment of the significance of mitochondrial deterioration in neurodegenerative diseases and of a pharmacological treatment at this stage.

Notably, enoxaparin has not been described to cause acute localized exanthematous pustulosis (ALEP). Herein, we present a case of a woman with a cutaneous drug reaction consistent with ALEP that occurred after enoxaparin. This case highlights enoxaprin as a novel causative agent for this type of drug reaction.

Backgrounds and Objectives: Aspergillus infection has several manifestations from non-invasive aspergillosis to invasive pulmonary and cerebral aspergillosis. Prophylaxis and treatment regimens for aspergillosis are limited to triazoles, echinocandins, and polyenes, each with different efficacy, complications, and resistance patterns. Drug selection presents challenges, including differences in resistance rates, drug interactions, and concerns about side effects with long-term use. Aspergillus resistance to antifungal agents is an international concern and shows an increasing trend. Each region worldwide has a resistance pattern affecting prevention and treatment regimens. Therefore, we examined the susceptibility rates of Aspergillus species to different antifungal drugs and their gene mutation rates in Iran. Methods: This meta-analysis started with a systematic search that was reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), yielding 1631 articles, of which 29 articles were included. Resistance rates were extracted, and a meta-analysis was done on 18 species-drug pairs. Results: Pooled resistance rate of Aspergillus fumigatus was 1.39% to amphotericin B, 17.77% to itraconazole, 2.63% to posaconazole, and 9.17% to voriconazole. For Aspergillus flavus it was 2.43% to amphotericin B, 7.64% to caspofungin, 3.60% to itraconazole, 1.48% to posaconazole, and 1.443% to voriconazole. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis showed that amphotericin B has superior effects on aspergillosis caused by A. fumigatus isolated from patients with unknown minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). The next most effective drugs are posaconazole and voriconazole, respectively. For the same problem in A.flavus, our analysis suggests voriconazole, posaconazole, and amphotericin B, respectively. This study also points to increased azole resistance, which should be of concern in clinical practice.