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Introduction and Objectives:Postpartum depression (PPD) is a common disorder and social debilitating that has adverse effects on the mother, child and family. Pica is an eating disorder characterized by persistent ingestion of substances that the consumer does not define as food. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of postpartum depression with pica during pregnancy.Method:This is case-control study was carried out in health centers in west Tehran. 152 depressed women (case group) and 148 non-depressed women (control group) were selected randomly from these health care centers. In addition to collecting demographic and pica data, the Edinburgh Depression Scale was used. The data was analyzed by both descriptive and analytic analyses such as chi-squared and logistic regression in SPSS version 16.Result:In this study, there wasn’t a significant association between PPD and pica during pregnancy (P=0.153, OR=2.043, CI=0.767, 5.438), but, postpartum depression has a significant association with type (clay) (P= 0.024) and duration (more than 2 months) (P= 0.023) of pica practice.Conclusions:In the present study, pregnancy pica was not important risk factor for PPD but there were similar risk factors such as iron supplementation during and postpartum pregnancy with pica and PPD.

Background Patients undergoing hemodialysis are prone to psychiatric symptoms due to considerable changes in their individual, social and occupational life which can influence the course and prognosis of renal diseases. Objective The aim of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in Qazvin, Iran. Methods This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 120 patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis in Qazvin, Iran. Prior to study, their demographic and laboratory data were recorded. Dialysis adequacy was assessed using urea reduction ratio (URR) and KT/V formula. Data collection tools were Beck's Depression Inventory, Beck's Anxiety Inventory and Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation. Collected data were analyzed using Pearson correlation test and t-test. Findings The mean level of depression in patients was 13.72 where 79 (65.8%) had depressive symptoms. The severity of symptoms was mild in 47 (39.2%), moderate in 21 (17.5%), and severe in 11 (9.2%). Moreover, the mean level of anxiety was 9.73 where 16 (13.3%) had anxiety symptoms. Of 120 patients, only 8 (6.7%) had suicidal ideation. There was a significant negative association between dialysis adequacy and the severity of depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation. Anxiety symptoms were more frequent among unemployed patients, and the increase in age was associated with the increase in suicidal ideations (P<0.05). Conclusion Regarding the high prevalence of depressive symptoms and existence of anxiety symptoms in patients undergoing hemodialysis in Qazvin, assessment of these psychiatric disorders along with effective therapeutic interventions should be considered.

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is known as a non-psychotic mental disorder resistant to treatment. It has been found that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) can increase the effectiveness of its standard treatments. Objectives: The current study aimed at evaluating the impact of exposure/response prevention (ERP) combined with EMDR as a treatment method on patients with OCD who had experienced stressful life events by comparison to ERP alone. Methods: The present randomized controlled trial was conducted among 60 OCD patients who experienced stressful life events and were resistant to medication treatment. The participants were randomly assigned to the ERP plus EMDR (n = 30) and ERP (n = 30) groups. The Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were completed before and after the intervention, as well as, after a follow-up period of three months. The scores were compared using the chi‐squared test, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: ANOVA results demonstrated that both treatment protocols had a significant effect on the reduction of anxiety and severity of OCD symptoms, while the results of ANCOVA showed a significantly higher effect of ERP plus EMDR compared to the ERP protocol (P = 0.001), and sample attrition was significantly higher in the ERP group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The ERP plus EMDR protocol compared to the ERP protocol showed a higher rate of completion and efficacy in OCD treatment.

Background: Separation anxiety disorder is considered as the most common anxiety disorder in childhood. Failure to treat this disorder in early age can be converted into a risk factor for childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the effect of parent-child interaction therapy on reducing the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder among the nurses' children aged between 3 and 6 years old working in educational hospitals in Qazvin. Methods: The intervention was designed as pre- and post-test along with the control group. The sample included 67 children aged 3 - 6 years' old who were divided into intervention and control groups using the blocking method. The intervention consists of three steps: child directed interaction, bravery directed interaction and parent directed interaction which was performed for 8 sessions per weak. No intervention was performed for the control group. The obtained data were collected using the Spence questionnaire (parents' version) and the results were evaluated. Results: Intervention therapy significantly reduced the symptoms of separation anxiety in the intervention group at the post-test stage compared to the control group. The mean of separation anxiety decreased from 10.82 ± 0.62 to 7.69 ± 0.52 in the intervention group. Conclusions: Parent-child interaction therapy can be used as an effective treatment plan to reduce the symptoms of separation anxiety disorder among preschool children.

Introduction: Schizophrenia is a severe and disabling disorder which, along with its negative effects on a patients, has numerous negative impacts on primary caregivers of these patients and can cause anxiety in them. Metacognitive therapy as one of the most effective therapies is used for treating a wide range of anxiety disorders. This study aimed to examine the effect of group metacognitive therapy on level of anxiety in caregivers of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: This clinical trial was followed by a pretest-posttest design with a control group. Among all caregivers of patients with schizophrenia hospitalized at 22nd Bahman Hospital in Qazvin, 60 individuals were selected using a simple random sampling method. Finally, considering the inclusion criteria, 45 individuals were randomly selected and assigned to two experimental (23 individuals) and control (22 individuals) groups. Since three people from the experimental group abandoned the study, the number of participants placed in each group decreased to 20 people. With six-day intervals, the experimental group took part in ten 90-minute group metacognitive therapy sessions developed by Wells. However, during this time, no therapeutic interventions were conducted on the control group. Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used as an assessment tool in the pretest, posttest, and the two-month follow-up. Data were analyzed via SPSS 23 using descriptive statistics and mixed between-within subjects ANOVA (repeated measures analysis of variance). Results: Results of the present study demonstrated that after conducting the metacognitive therapeutic intervention, a mean score of state-trait anxiety obtained by the experimental group significantly decreased compared to that of the control group (P < 0.01). These results indicated that metacognitive group therapy was effective on decreasing anxiety and in posttest and follow-up, compared to pretest, anxiety among the experimental group significantly decreased. In addition, no significant differences were found between a mean anxiety score obtained by the experimental group in the follow-up compared to that obtained in the posttest (P > 0.05), which showed the continuation of therapy effectiveness until the follow-up. Conclusions: The caregivers of schizophrenic patients who underwent the metacognitive therapy obtained lower anxiety scores compared to the control group. Therefore, the results suggests that this therapy may lead to a decrease in anxiety among caregivers of patients with schizophrenia.

The comorbidity of generalized anxiety and major depressive disorders and the challenges of distress disorders create a model such as emotion dysregulation. Objectives: The present study aimed at examining the emotion dysregulation model of distress symptoms in a community sample. Materials and Methods: A total of 508 individuals were recruited from a community sample, using convenience sampling method. The participants filled in the questionnaires that assess their safety motivation and emotional intensity, emotion regulation strategies (attentional control, acceptance, decentering, and reappraisal), and distress symptoms (depression, generalized anxiety symptoms, worry, and rumination). The structural equation modeling was used to assess the fitness model. Results: The model yielded a good fitness (χ 2 =64.51, df=26, χ 2 /df=2.48, P<0.001, CFI=0.97, GFI=0.97, PCFI=0.56, and RMSEA=0.05). The emotion dysregulation model of distress symptoms has an acceptable fitness. Conclusion: The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies in this model highlights the important effects of emotion regulation abilities in protecting individuals suffering from distress symptoms.

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