Objective This study synthesized literature concerning casual evidence of effects of various physical activity programs on motor skills and cognitive development in typically developed preschool children. Methods Electronic databases were searched through July 2017. Peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining the effectiveness of physical activity on motor skills and cognitive development in healthy young children (4–6 years) were screened. Results A total of 15 RCTs were included. Of the 10 studies assessing the effects of physical activity on motor skills, eight (80%) reported significant improvements in motor performance and one observed mixed findings, but one failed to promote any beneficial outcomes. Of the five studies investigating the influence of physical activity on cognitive development, four (80%) showed significant and positive changes in language learning, academic achievement, attention, and working memory. Notably, one indicated no significant improvements were observed after the intervention. Conclusions Findings support causal evidence of effects of physical activity on both motor skills and cognitive development in preschool children. Given the shortage of available studies, future research with large representative samples is warranted to explore the relationships between physical activity and cognitive domains as well as strengthen and confirm the dose-response evidence in early childhood.
Acute hepatic failure is a rare and serious complication of severe falciparum malaria. The management of uncomplicated falciparum malaria comprises of specific antimalarial drugs and supportive therapy. In a few patients who are critically ill because of severe falciparum malaria and heavy parasitaemia, exchange transfusion has been used. We describe a young male Saudi patient who presented with a 2-day history of fever, jaundice, and confusion. On examination he was deeply jaundiced, confused, and irritable. There were no signs of chronic liver disease. His laboratory workup revealed a markedly raised direct hyperbilirubinaemia and transaminases with prolonged prothrombin time. His serology was negative for HbsAg, HBc IgM, anti-HCV, HAV IgM, HEV IgM, and IgG. He was initially treated with parenteral quinine and other supportive treatment, without any improvement of his clinical and laboratory parameters. At this stage he was treated with whole blood exchange transfusion. He slowly improved, with complete normalization of his liver function tests and prothrombin time.
BackgroundOf around 36 million people infected with HIV globally, one in three has a TB co-infection. It is estimated that a HIV-positive person has 50–60% lifetime risk of developing TB, whereas for HIV-negative persons this risk is only 10%. In India, around 40% of over five million HIV-positive people present a TB co-infection. In this context, the present study was undertaken to understand local issues in collaborative activities under the National AIDS Control Programme (NACP) and the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in Alwar district of Rajasthan. The study objectives were: (1) to assess co-ordination mechanism between NACP and RNTCP at district level; (2) to understand status of services available under TB-HIV collaborative efforts at district level; (3) to assess involvement of NGOs in TB-HIV collaborative activities; and (4) to understand perceived hurdles and their probable solutions for programme managers regarding TB-HIV collaborative activities.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted in Alwar district, Rajasthan. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Records and reports from Districts AIDS Prevention and Control Units (DAPCU, under NACP) and District TB Officers (DTO, under RNTCP) were reviewed to gather information to assess programmatic interventions happening at district level. In-depth interviews were conducted with programme managers of both programmes, and other stakeholders such as NGOs, to understand issues regarding TB-HIV collaborative activities.FindingsIn Alwar district, one in four of HIV-positive persons are co-infected with TB. The district has poor implementation of TB-HIV collaborative activities, especially so in rural settings. Though basic services (screening, diagnosis and treatment) are available in both programmes, supervised cross-referral services demand for improvement. Awareness among patients of HIV or TB also hampers cross-referral; particularly TB patients hesitate for HIV screening. Counselling of TB patients along with HIV cases in relation to rationale of cross referral is utmost needed. The district is having very little integration of NGOs for TB-HIV. Local operational issues have to be tackled with clear guidelines and an action plan is needed for integration and collaborative activities along with determination of senior programme officers. Vacant posts of all cadres are having a negative impact on both programmes and collaborative activities, whereas capacity and staff attitude is another concern. Issues related to human resources along with conflict of interest among stakeholders involved are key hurdles in TB-HIV collaboration.DiscussionTB-HIV collaboration in the district calls for improvements that can only be achieved addressing issues of availability of dedicated, skilled and permanently available human resources, plus supportive supervision with commitment of integration of administration and all stakeholders involved in the process. Involvement of NGOs in collaborative efforts will help to ensure service delivery. An...
At Anutapura Palu General Hospital (Hospital) Anutapura Palu to perform stadium detection still using Ms.Excel application with the result of detection is still manually input, to overcome the problem the author aims to make data mining applications to detect the stage of HIV / AIDS by applying Naive Bayes algorithm with output / output result of stadium 1, stadium 2, stadium 3 and stadium 4. The research data was obtained at Anutapura Palu General Hospital (RSU) from 305 HIV / AIDS patients. Existing data were analyzed using Naive Bayes algorithm and using 11 features. Naive Bayes aims to classify data in a particular class, then the pattern can be used to determine the level of stadium suffered by HIV / AIDS patients.
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