Antibiotics are regarded as a miracle in the medical field as it prevents disease caused by pathogenic bacteria. Since the discovery of penicillin, antibiotics have become the foundation for modern medical discoveries. However, bacteria soon became resistant to antibiotics, which puts a burden on the healthcare system. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most prominent antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the world since 1961. MRSA primarily developed resistance to beta-lactamases antibiotics and can be easily spread in the healthcare system. Thus, alternatives to combat MRSA are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), an innate host immune agent and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), are gaining interest as alternative treatments against MRSA. Both agents have broad-spectrum properties which are suitable candidates for controlling MRSA. Although both agents can exhibit antimicrobial effects independently, the combination of both can be synergistic and complementary to each other to exhibit stronger antimicrobial activity. The combination of AMPs and AgNPs also reduces their own weaknesses as their own, which can be developed as a potential agent to combat antibiotic resistance especially towards MRSA. Thus, this review aims to discuss the potential of antimicrobial peptides and silver nanoparticles towards controlling MRSA pathogen growth.
Interest in biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is steadily increasing due to the costeffective, easy, and environmentally friendly way in which they are synthesized. Synthesis using polychaete (Marphysa moribidii) extract as a reducing agent is particularly new and has the potential of being applied in various industries. However, biogenic AgNPs require synthesis optimization to increase their stability, yield, and characteristics. To meet these requirements, several synthesis parameters (such as polychaete size (body width), silver nitrate (AgNO3) concentration, pH of polychaete crude extract, and the temperature during pre-incubation) and storage conditions were optimized in this study. The optimized conditions for obtaining high yield and stable AgNPs were polychaetes with a body width of 6-8 mm, 1 mM AgNO3 with polychaete crude extract of pH 9, preheated at 90°C for 15 min before incubation at 30°C (150 rpm) for 24 hours, and stored at 4°C for long-term stability. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed through observation of a color transition (from pinkish to yellowish-brown) and analysis of UV-Vis spectra (between 398 and 400 nm). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed the formation of spherical AgNPs with an average size of approximately 40.19 nm. Further, the optimized AgNPs demonstrated high storage stability for up to 6 months without any agglomeration. It is believed that these parameters are eminently suitable for the production of stable biosynthesized AgNPs.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have unique and outstanding optical properties that can be applied in various applications. The current productions of AuNPs are cumbersome owing to the use of reducing agents which are highly reactive and toxic in nature. Hence, a biogenic synthesis of AuNPs by exploiting local marine baitworm (Polychaeta), Marphysa moribidii as potential reducing agents was conducted. AuNPs were biosynthesised by using different masses of polychaete extracts (5, 10, 15, and 20 g) and observed up to 3 months. The formation of AuNPs was confirmed by the appearance of red-ruby colour and the presence of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peaks (548-563 nm) from UV-Vis spectroscopy. The AuNPs were in spherical-like shapes with large aggregations based on scanning electron microscope (SEM). The average particle size and morphology of AuNPs were confirmed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (30-150 nm) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) (20-100 nm). Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were carried out on polychaete extracts to explore the functional groups existing and also to prove the absence of AuNPs in them. Lastly, the antibacterial assessment of AuNPs was examined using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and revealed the exhibition of antibacterial activity on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have gained attention as it possesses outstanding physicochemical properties, and utilised in variety of applications especially in biomedical and pharmaceutical. Majorly, AuNPs are produced by conventional methods (chemical and physical). However, these methods bring several drawbacks such as toxic, hazardous, low yield and non-environmental friendly. Hence, biosynthesis of AuNPs that compliance with ‘greener’ approach becomes vitals. In this study, marine tube worm of Diopatra claparedii (polychaetes) was employed as reducing agent in the biosynthesis of AuNPs. The biosynthesised of AuNPs by D. claparedii extract was successfully prepared under ambient temperature and normal atmospheric conditions. The formation of AuNPS was confirmed by the appearance of surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) bands around 540 to 560 nm characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the AuNPs are mostly in agglomerated spherical like shapes with size ranging from 100 to 400 nm. Meanwhile, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the particles are in the size range from 25 to 60 nm, also mainly form in spherical like shape. The particle size of AuNPs in a range of 50-100 nm was showed by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of D. claparedii extract indicated the existence of several functional groups. Biosynthesised AuNPs also successfully gave inhibition on bacterial growth (Staphyloccus aureus, S. epidermidis, Escheratia coli, Salmonella typhi) through antibacterial assessment.
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