Wetlands are those landscapes which are saturated with water or covered by water either perennially or for a major part of the year. Due to transforming nature of the wetlands from aquatic to terrestrial, the related physical features are not easy to be monitored. With the recent advancement in Remote sensing technique, the feature extraction of wetland with the help of different satellite derived band algebras including Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Modified NDWI (MNDWI), Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) is being used by experts. The common diagnostic features of wetlands are surface water, swamps and aquatic vegetation. The present study is based on a comparison between these four indices. Baraila wetland of Vaishali district Bihar is selected as a site for the study because the surface water of this "BAT" shaped wetland has decreased rapidly in last half decade which is alarming for the related ecology and biodiversity.
A country is mainly identified by its cultural heritage. Built form is a means of expressing this heritage in a tangible form Haduwri Bagh barhdari is a magnificent monument of its times. The paper aims to study the architectural features of the barhdari to better understand the architecture of the monument. The objective is to identify and differentiate the elements of Mughal and Sikh Architecture through a case study analysis. Haduwri Bagh barhdari, is located on the west of Alamgiri Gate of Lahore Fort and east of Badshahi Mosque entrance gateway. The barhdari occupies a central position of the Haduwri Bagh making it a perfect symmetrical structure which is in no way dissonant with respect to its context. Even being constructed in Sikh period, barhdari features typical Mughal architectural elements making it doubtful that in which era it was constructed. The paper focuses on the study and analysis of architectural features and materials of the Monument which lies in the midst of Haduwri Bagh, Lahore Fort. This paper is an effort to highlight the fact that despite of being constructed in the Sikh period, the barhdari features typical Mughal architectural elements speaking of cross fertilization of architectural elements. Keywords: Haduwri Bagh barhdari, Sikh Architecture, Monument, Mughal Architecture, Lahore
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