The preference for smaller-sooner rewards over larger-delayed ones (temporal discounting, TD) has been suggested to be influenced by religiosity, through its role in enhancing self-control. Here we investigate this issue in Muslims, Catholics, and two control groups of Italian and Iranian atheists, by measuring implicit religiosity (implicit association test, IAT) and the cognitive dynamics underlying TD (using mouse tracking). Results showed that Muslims are the most farsighted, while Catholics are the most shortsighted and both atheists’ groups fall in between these two extremes; additionally, these results are also shaped by implicit religiosity (IAT). Mouse tracking analyses reveal that Muslims show higher cognitive conflict compared to the other groups, which arises only in later stages of processing. This indicates that farsighted behavior in Muslims requires the recruitment of self-control in order to regulate intertemporal decision-making. Our findings suggest that the highly demanding religious precepts enforced in (most) Islamic communities may help strengthen self-control abilities.
Abstract:One of the aims of higher education is obtaining advanced skills and specialty, and thereby offering better job opportunities after graduation. Examining the current educational system of Master level in Iran, we came to the conclusion that there is a lack of practice on necessary specialization in the domain of International Business Law. The train Master students receive is not directed towards their future profession, which leads to their being unable to have a good performance. In order to measure students' awareness of their academic and professional future and their attitude toward this major, a standard questionnaire was distributed to 34 female and male International Business Law students, admitted from 2009-2014. Since the students' attitude toward their job in the future showed they had a high expectation of their future occupation, and since the unemployment rate was reported to be 8.8%, there is a concern about the prospective profession of the graduate students in this major. A profession-oriented model has been developed in an attempt to eradicate the problem. In this model, the students will be categorized as 8 different sub-majors after completion of the first general semester. The students' entrance to these sub-majors is a matter of interest and talent, which will be assessed by a panel of experts from International Business Law, Psychology, and Educational Consulting. These 8 groups are Lawyers, Arbitrators/Judges, Businesspeople, Legislators, Researchers, Negotiators, Legal Advisers, and Professors which offer possible job opportunities for the graduates. Then the teaching methodology in each sub-major is in accordance with the prospective employment.
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