Nowadays, due to the continuous developments in economies, various dilemmas are emerging, including energy demand, waste management, and greenhouse gas emissions (GHE). A promising approach to address these issues is a transition toward a circular economy (CE), and one of its successful approaches is the waste-to-energy (WTE). By exploiting WTE, there will be less demand for raw materials and resources. In this study, two developed countries, including France and Singapore, are evaluated based on their CE transition using the WTE method. Both countries are developing rapidly in terms of a successful CE. Reducing landfills as the major problem in Singapore is one of the most vital plans in their CE project. The planned target in Singapore is reducing landfill by 30% by 2030. Furthermore, Singapore aims for reaching a 70% recycling rate by 2050. On the other hand, the CE in France includes more comprehensive laws in four different sectors, such as production, consumption, waste management, and mobilizing actors. It is planned that by 2025, the recycling rate in France will reach 100%. A roadmap toward building a CE cannot be succeeded unless some practical strategies are developed for overcoming the encountered obstacles. The roadmap of both countries shows a specific milestone to reach a better CE, cleaner environment, and less use of natural resources. Most of the Singapore sustainable plans are planned to be caught by 2030, while France is trying to complete them by 2025. It should be noted that due to the current pandemic situation caused by COVID-19, there are some issues in implementing the obligations and plans thoroughly.
The coexistence of the need to improve economic conditions and the conscious use of environmental resources plays a central role in today’s sustainable development challenge. In this study, a novel integrated framework to evaluate the impact of new technological interventions is presented and an application to smallholder coffee farms and their supply chains in Kenya is proposed. This methodology is able to combine multiple information through the joint use of three approaches: supply chain analysis, input-output analysis, and energy system modeling. Application to the context of the Kenyan coffee sector enables framework validation: shading management measures, the introduction of eco-pulpers, and the exploitation of coffee waste biomass for power generation were compared within a holistic high-level perspective. The implementation of shading practices, carried out with fruit trees, shows the most relevant effects from the economic point of view, providing farmers with an additional source of income and generating $903 of work for every million of local currency (about $9k) invested in this solution. The same investment would save up to 1.46 M m3 of water per year with the eco-pulpers technology. Investing the same amount in coffee-biomass power plants would displace a small portion of production from heavy-duty oil and avoid importing a portion of fertilizer, saving up to 11 tons of CO2 and around $4k per year. The results suggest the optimal allocation of a $100m budget, which can be affected by adding additional constraints on minimum environmental or social targets in line with sustainable development goals.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.