Sukau Rainforest Lodge (SRL) and Sukau Ecotourism Research Centre (SERC) have been recognised as two ecotourism sites in Sabah. However, there were no butterfly tourism products carried out at both sites. As a result, a 5-day survey of butterfly diversity was conducted using fruit-baited traps. Butterfly diversity, richness, and abundance were evaluated using Shannon-Weiner Diversity for both sites. SWOT analysis was also carried out at both sites throughout a 3-week observation. The results showed there were 20 species from 6 subfamilies of Nymphalidae butterflies. A total of 96 individuals of each species were also tabulated, with SRL revealing a higher diversity index compared to SERC due to its large surrounding area. The butterfly specimens were collected for educational purposes as nature tourism products. Lack of research, no butterfly signage, forest fragmentation, and mass tourism activities were identified as weaknesses and threats with their strengths and opportunities as proper guidelines based on SWOT analysis. Hence, it shows that both sites are valuable for nature tourism based on their unique butterfly fauna as butterfly tourism products. This study could also provide baseline data on butterfly diversity and its potential as butterfly tourism products at both sites. Butterfly diversity data and SWOT analysis are compulsory for the creation of butterfly tourism products. Such valuable fauna can be integrated as nature tourism products in conjunction with appropriate decision-making strategies.
Throughout Africa, China, India, and other parts of the world for ages, the genus Bambusa (Poaceae) has been utilized in folk medicine. Various studies have concentrated on the ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of Bambusa spp. in recent years. This scoping study employed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guideline to analyze articles published from 2003 to 2021 on Bambusa spp. The articles were also retrieved from the Scopus database. As a result, 97 articles were selected based on the criteria given: 50 articles for the ethnobotanical aspect, 11 articles for the phytochemical aspect, and 44 articles for the pharmacological aspects (including 8 similar articles from other aspects). A large variety of pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, antidiabetic, abortifacient, and cytotoxicity activities, were found in the crude extracts and purified bioactive components of Bambusa spp. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and other compounds have all been isolated and named from Bambusa spp. Bambusa spp. have a sizable worldwide marketplace due to their outstanding medicinal benefits and minimal toxicity, which has sparked increased attention from academics. Nevertheless, there is no available review article that has compiled all the information regarding the utilization and properties of Bambusa spp. Hence, this review aims to identify and reveal the widely used Bambusa spp. that have grown worldwide. The review mainly summarizes the phytoconstituents and their corresponding pharmacological properties, which are significant in providing a collective scientific evaluation of Bambusa spp. for the development and utilization of a potential novel ethnomedicine.
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