This study aimed to determine the relationship between public service motivation (PSM) and both employees' job satisfaction and organizational commitment in Afghanistan's public sector. The study used a quantitative research design, incorporating PSM theory and person-organization fit theory into its framework. Participants included 498 employees from 25 departments within the Ministry of Energy and Water. Data gathered through self-reported questionnaires were analyzed through structural equation modelling, using SPSS and AMOS software. Results showed a positive relationship between PSM with organizational commitment and job satisfaction through personorganization fit mediation, indicating that the government pays more attention to PSM, because it is a predictor of organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The organizational culture of public sectors in war-torn Afghanistan may not fit very well with the employees with high PSM and so differentiate itself from those in other developing and developed countries. The country's public sector is still undergoing restructuring and development. Therefore, this study makes a significant contribution to existing literature by exploring the ways PSM affects job satisfaction and organizational commitment in a public sector environment undergoing structural reforms.
COVID-19 has forced educators, institutions, and their staff to switch from physical to remote education This study investigates the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the international education system, particularly in Afghanistan. Specifically, this paper explores how students in Afghanistan have been affected by the pandemic, and identifies and evaluates the challenges faced by the education system of Afghanistan due to the pandemic. Moreover, factors affecting the use of technology by students in Afghanistan are also analyzed. A quantitative research methodology was utilized by collecting responses from students through a questionnaire distributed online. All data collected were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis. Results revealed that technology has not benefited students very much, and the effects of COVID-19 have been extreme on them. Furthermore, insufficient time to learn new technologies has proven to be challenging for students. Developing technology requirements for students during COVID-19 may be an important element of adaptability to the pandemic. Moreover, it was found that Afghanistan already had poor internet and technology infrastructure before the pandemic, which further deteriorated during COVID-19, leading students to experience increasing internet disconnection and costs and decreased communication with teachers. Effective strategies to deal with these problems are discussed.
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