The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically imposed stressful conditions that may impact the ability of healthcare staff to provide safe and effective care. Research on patient safety culture among community pharmacies during the pandemic is limited. This study aimed to assess the patient safety culture among community pharmacies in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pharmacists and pharmacy assistants from 450 community pharmacies were approached through online means, with 378 answering the questionnaire written in Arabic that had been adapted from the Community Pharmacy Survey on Patient Safety Culture (PSOPSC). This study showed that various patient safety standards were addressed to a high degree during the COVID-19 pandemic, as represented by the high positive response rate (PRR) measures that were mainly observed in the dimensions “Teamwork” (90.1%), “Patient Counseling” (85.2%), and “Staff Training and Skills” (82.7%). Furthermore, significantly higher PRR scores for the “Teamwork”, “Staffing, Work Pressure, and Pace”, “Response to Mistakes”, “Organizational Learning—Continuous Improvement”, and “Overall Perceptions of Patient Safety” dimensions were observed among participants who worked in independent pharmacies than those who worked in chain pharmacies. Despite an overall positive patient safety culture in the current context of community pharmacies in Jordan during the COVID-19 pandemic, pitfalls were observed in the “Staffing, Work Pressure, and Pace” dimension.
The medication review process (MRP) is an extended, vital role of community pharmacists in improving health outcomes of medication use, yet it is neither systematically nor comprehensively provided bycommunity pharmacies in Jordan. This study aimed to identify the potential barriers hinderingMRP implementation bycommunity pharmacists in Jordan. A total of 550 community pharmacists electronically received a previously constructed and validated Arabic questionnaire explicitly developed to assess the current medication review practices and factors hindering the MRP, of whom 417 answered the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 75.8%. Among the investigated six categories’ seventeen barriers tothe implementation of the MRP, the highest rating was found for remuneration barriers (55.8%), followed by barriers related to regulations and patients, which scored 52.3% and 48.8%, respectively. Resource-related barriers were recognizedby 44.6% of participants, while qualifications and barriers related to physicians scored 42.9% and 41.8%, respectively. Although community pharmacists in Jordan are eager to extend their roles from traditional to more patient-centered ones, they encounter various barriers hinderingsuch development. Regulation adjustments accompanied by cost-effective remuneration and proper training are strong facilitators for community pharmacists to initiate the medication review service; make available the needed resources; and invest efforts, time, and money to operate it.
In 1998, Dr. Scopinaro published the first-ever known bariatric surgery, followed by reports by Buchwald and Oien in 2003 and 2013. Bariatric surgery (BS) is the most effective therapy against obesity, and recently it was recommended for type 2 diabetes as a therapeutic plan. BS includes; Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy, and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding has gained the attention of most healthcare providers in elevation of the issue of obesity for its ease and fast results, especially with patients with mobility problems and those with high risk to develop chronic diseases. Gastric bypass is considered the most common BS and a gold standard for weight loss, also known as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). The procedure of this BS is by creating a small pouch of the stomach (300 mL capacity) connected directly to the jejunum by bypassing the duodenum. RYGB has many advantages, such as; the alteration of guts hormones, which reduces appetite and hunger feeling, increases energy expenditure, causes significant long-term weight loss (60-80% of the excess body weight), decreases the amount of food consumed, and preserves 50% of the weight loss during this procedure. However, RYGB has some disadvantages. The most critical issue regarding this BS is altering the absorption of many medicines and nutrients, such as; vitamin D3 (Vit D3). (American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery. Bariatric Surgery Procedures. https://asmbs.org/patients/bariatric-surgery-procedures (accessed Feb 15, 2020). RYGB was performed on rodents before but was never applied to rabbits. To determine the malabsorption procedure after the RYGB, the pharmacokinetics of the substance must be attained, and data must be calculated, such as; Cmax and Tmax, to determine the absorption mutation. It was reported that pharmacokinetic studies on rodents could not be accurate due to the erratic absorption of the rodents; thus, many studies have suggested using larger animals, such as rabbits, that do not address the same problem. The current study investigates the ability to perform RYGB on rabbits and tests the effect of the surgery on body weight, food consumption, and the absorption of Vit D3.
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