Variation orders are the most disruptive and unpleasant events of the projects because of their impacts on cost and completion date of the project. This study is about the variation orders in highway projects that are the most severe problems in the highway projects. Variation order is any modification to the contractual terms of a project by the owner or the owner's representative, it can be a work that is added to or deleted from the original scope of work of a contract, which alters the original contract amount and/or completion date. Change orders are common to most projects, and very common with large projects. This study focuses on the causes of variation orders and their impacts on time and cost. Management system is suggested to control the variation orders of highway projects in Jordon. The data collected from two sources the primary is the survey questionnaire conducted with project managers, contracting, and consulting businesses in highway projects. The secondary is from selected completed highway projects. According to the questionnaire results, the most ten important causes are change of schedule, ambiguous design details, change of plan or scope, conflict between contract documents, lack of coordination, safety considerations, client financial problem, change in design by consultant, socio-cultural factors, and change in government regulations. The main impacts of variation orders are time delays, cost overrun, increase in overhead expenses, turnover of professionals and project team. According to the research findings, a management system has been proposed through the project lifecycle (conceptual, design and construction stages) to control the occurrence of variations and as a result, reducing their impacts. This system was evaluated through another questionnaire and the results showed that the proposed system would be successful tool for controlling variation orders occurrence in the highway projects in Jordan.
Traffic accidents are considered one of the most important problems in modern societies. Arbil city in Iraq suffers from this problem; it is considered the second major cause of death.The main objectives of this study are to analyze and evaluate the causes of traffic accidents by using the statistical analysis technique, and self-observation study. In this study Traffic accident data, Geometric condition data ,and Traffic condition data, related to the Arbil streets network was collected, prepared and analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. High Accident Locations (HAL) on the street network were identified by using various techniques. Self-observation on all selected streets that had (HAL) was summarized. Different predictive statistical models were developed for the streets in Arbil urban area. The Accident prediction models can be used to predict the probability of an accident at a certain location based on different variables. The statistical analysis of the study concluded that some of the geometric and traffic conditions are much related to traffic accident. It was concluded from this study that the increasing number of segments in principle urban streets will increase the number of total accidents and the number of property damages. Also, it was found that Pedestrian crossing areas ignored by pedestrians and the drivers do not give priority to pedestrians for crossing the street, due to lack of traffic awareness by drivers and pedestrians. The study recommends that Roads should be designed and constructed according to international standards. Also, it is recommended to improve traffic awareness of road users: drivers, pedestrians, and passengers through organized educational awareness programs.
The major objective of this research paper is to investigate the Traffic Safety culture among Jordanian drivers, and to identify common aggressive behaviors, and its association to diverse social factors. An online survey questionnaire was distributed among drivers in Jordan; samples were collected in the Amman area in 2019. The data analysis of the survey was analyzed using the statistical program SPSS. The survey questions were based on methods found in the (AAA foundation’s Annual Traffic Safety Culture). It was found that drivers in Jordan have high exposure to traffic accidents, where one in eight drivers has been injured in a traffic accident, and nearly one in three Jordanians knows someone killed in an accident. 75% of participants consider aggressive driving as a very serious threat, 60% have honked the vehicles horn excessively within 30 days, 36% often failed to signal when turning or stopping. The most common behavior for drivers during the last 30 days according to the survey is “speeding through yellow light 85%, followed by lack of Seat belt use 80%, and followed by Mobile phone use while driving78%, and followed by Speeding on highways 61%. Male drivers were more aggressive, drivers were more exposed to car accidents, they were 1.3 times to get involved in a vehicle damage accident, and four times as female to get involved in a severe injury accident. In addition, significant differences in behavior were found among drivers when compared under surveillance of police and traffic cameras, and when there is no surveillance. 88% of drivers would never cross the red light, 60% would never use the mobile phone, and 75% would never speed if they knew there was a camera or if police were around. Preventive countermeasures were recommended to increase the safety culture awareness of drivers in Jordan.
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