Background Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is an important viral disease causing significant economic losses in commercial livestock production. In mid‐2019, an outbreak of LSD has been reported in cattle population from different parts of Bangladesh including Chattogram division. A cross‐sectional surveillance study was undertaken from August 2019 to December 2019 to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of LSD in cattle in Chattogram district. Methods A total of 3,327 cattle from 19 commercial farms were examined for the LSD specific skin lesions and associated risk factors. A total of 120 skin biopsies were collected from the suspected animal for the confirmation of the disease using molecular detection and histopathological examination. Partial genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were performed on selected viral isolates. Results The overall clinical prevalence of LSD in the study population was 10% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.4%–11%) where the highest farm level outbreak frequency was 63.33% (95% CI: 45.51%–78.13%) and the lowest 4.22% (95% CI: 3.39%–5.25%). Crossbred and female cattle showed a significantly higher prevalence of the disease compared to their counterparts. Introduction of new animals in farms was found to be one of the most significant risk factors in the transmission of the disease. All suspected skin biopsies were positive for LSD virus (LSDV) infection with granulomatous and pyogranulomatous dermatitis was revealed on histopathology. Phylogenetic analysis based on the inverted terminal repeat region of the LSDV gene suggested that the locally circulating strain was closely related to the strains isolated from the Middle East and North African countries. Conclusions The data generated in this study would be beneficial to the field veterinarians and animal health decision makers in the country as well as it will aid in taking appropriate measures to prevent further relapse or outbreak of this disease in future.
Acute hepatitis due to hepatitis E virus (HEV) is endemic in Bangladesh, but its epidemiological characteristics and virological features remain obscure. An outbreak of acute icteric hepatitis E occurred in Rajshahi, Bangladesh during 2010 when 200 patients with visible jaundice visited physicians within a period of 1 month (January-February). Clinical and epidemiological data were collected from these patients using questionnaires. Nucleic acids were isolated from 15 patients who were selected at random to ascertain their HEV genotypes. Near-complete nucleotide sequences of the HEV genome were detected in two patients and partial ORF2 regions in the other 13 patients. All patients tested positive for IgM antibodies to HEV but negative for other hepatitis viruses. Most patients were icteric and complained of vomiting, fever, itching, and abdominal pain. All 15 HEV sequences formed a single cluster within genotype 1a. Two of the 7,186-nt HEV sequences were 99.8% identical. This is the first study to report the clinical, epidemiological, and molecular characterization of an outbreak of acute hepatitis E in Bangladesh.
Current evidence indicates that more than half of all antimicrobials are used in the animal food-producing sector, which is considered a significant risk factor for the development, spread, and existence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pathogens in animals, humans, and the environment. Among other factors, clinical etiology and the level of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of veterinarians are thought to be responsible for inappropriate prescriptions in the animal-source protein production sector in lower-resource settings like Bangladesh. We performed this cross-sectional study to assess factors associated with veterinarians’ antimicrobial prescription behavior and their KAP on antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR in Bangladesh. Exploratory and multivariate logistic models were used to describe an association between knowledge, attitudes, and practices of AMU and AMR and demographic characteristics of veterinarians. The results demonstrated that when selecting an antimicrobial, there was no to minimal influence of culture and susceptibility tests and patients’ AMU history but moderate to high influence of the farmer’s economic condition and drug instructions among the veterinarians. The results also demonstrated that more than half of the veterinarians had correct KAP regarding AMU and AMR, while the rest had moderate or lower levels of KAP. The factor score analysis revealed that age, level of education, years of experience, gender, and previous training on AMU and AMR were the key influencing factors in their level of KAP. Adjusted logistic regression analysis showed that respondents’ age, current workplace, and previous training on AMU and AMR had a positive association with increased KAP. Considering the results, it is imperative to include AMR issues on vet curricula, and to provide post-education training, awareness campaigns, easy access to, and dissemination of AMR resources. Increasing the veterinary services to the outreach areas of the country and motivating veterinarians to follow the national AMR guidelines could be some other potential solutions to tackle the over-prescriptions of antimicrobials.
Mastitis is one of the most frequent and costly production diseases of dairy cattle. It is frequently treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobials. The objectives of this work were to investigate the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli , find out the antimicrobials used in mastitis treatment, and explore the antimicrobial resistance profile including detection of resistance genes. Bacterial species and antimicrobial resistance genes were confirmed by the polymerase-chain reaction. A total of 450 cows were screened, where 23 (5.11%) and 173 (38.44%) were affected with clinical and sub-clinical mastitis, respectively. The prevalence of S. aureus was 39.13% (n = 9) and 47.97%(n = 83) while, E. coli was 30.43% (n = 7) and 15.60% (n = 27) in clinical and sub-clinical mastitis affected cows, respectively. The highest antimicrobials used for mastitis treatment were ciprofloxacin (83.34%), amoxycillin (80%) and ceftriaxone (76.67%). More than, 70% of S. aureus showed resistance against ampicillin, oxacillin, and tetracycline and more than 60% of E. coli exhibited resistance against oxacillin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim. Selected antimicrobial resistance genes ( mec A, tet K, tet L, tet M, tet A, tet B, tet C, sul 1, sul 2 and sul 3) were identified from S. aureus and E. coli . Surprisingly, 7 (7.61%) S. aureus carried the mec A gene and were confirmed as methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The most prevalent resistance genes were tet K 18 (19.57%) and tet L 13 (14.13%) for S. aureus , whereas sul 1 16 (47.06%), tet A 12 (35.29%), sul 2 11 (32.35%) and tet B 7 (20.59%) were the most common resistance genes in E. coli . Indiscriminate use of antimicrobials and the presence of multidrug-resistant bacteria suggest a potential threat to public health.
ÖzAmaç: Bu araştırmada mezbahada kesilen domuzlarda postmortem muayene sonrasında böbreklerinde kurt varlığı patolojik ve prevalans olarak değerlendirildi. Gereç ve Yöntem:Mezbahalardan domuzların iç organlar toplandı. Böbrekler, peri-renal yağlar, üreterler, akciğerler, karaciğerler ve lenf yumruları makroskobik ve mikroskobik lezyonlar yönünden incelendi. Bulgular: 76 domuzun 16 (%21)'sının enfekte olduğu belirlendi. Böbrek korteksi, perirenal yağlar, üreter ve böbrek pelvisinde olgun parazitlerin varlığı belirlendi. Makroskobik olarak kanlı-şişkin ve yüzeyinde krem-beyaz renkte odaklar bulunan böbrekler gözlendi. Böbrek çevresi yağ doku ve iliş-kili diğer dokularda nekrotik odaklar ve kanlı alanlar tespit edildi. Histopatalojik incelemede böbrek paranşim dokuda yoğun eozinofil infiltrasyonu gözlendi. Ayrıca, nefritisle iliş-kili nötrofil ve mononükleer hücre varlığı belirlendi. Birçok vakada perirenal dokuda gömülü olarak parazit parçaları gözlendi.Öneri: Domuzlarda böbreğin normal yapısının bozulmasın-da, böbreklerde görülen kurtlar ciddi bir problem oluştur-maktadır. Anahtar kelimeler: Domuz, böbrek kurdu AbstractAim: Prevalence and pathologic aspects of kidney worm infection in indigenous pigs were described after post-mortem examination. Materials and Methods:Viscera of the pigs from the slaughter houses were collected. Kidneys, peri-renal fats, ureters, lungs, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes were examined for both gross and microscopic lesions. Results:Of the 76 pigs 16 (21%) were infected with the worm. Adult parasites from renal pelvis, ureter, peri-renal fats and from renal cortex were recovered. Grossly, the affected kidneys were swollen, congested and marked with creamy-white necrotic foci visible from the surface. Peri-renal adipose and connective tissues were also congested and marked with necrotic foci. Histopathological studies revealed massive infiltration of the renal parenchyma mainly with eosinophils, however, some neutrophils and mononuclear cells were also detected, suggesting interstitial nephritis. In most of the cases, cross-sections of embedded parasites were observed in peri-renal tissues. Conclusion:Swine kidney worm is a serious problem in pig that causes severe distortion of renal normal architecture.
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