In line with sustainable agriculture that depends on modern methods and new sources of nontraditional irrigation, a field experiment was conducted at a privet farm behind Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Giza, Egypt during two seasons to evaluate five sugar beet varieties under water salinity stress condition. The present work included 15 treatments; represent five sugar beet varieties: viz. Multi-germs (Amina, Farida, and Faten) and Mono-germs (Unners and Sharleston), in combinations with two salinity treatments (Magic-Sal (13% humic acid + 20% carboxylic acid) and Sal-Wax (50% carboxylic acid) components) compared to control application. Results indicated that salinity treatments help in early stages to increase the emergency percentage of sugar beet varieties under high salinity water stress. As compared to control treatment, salinity treatments significantly increase proline accumulation, leaf relative water content (LRWC %),and root yield, but, it caused a reduction in quality parameters (sucrose, purity, and extractable sugar percentages) in both seasons. On the other hand, variety (Amina) overpassed the other varieties under salinity water stress with respect to germination ratio, proline content, LRWC%,and root yield (ton/fed) in both seasons. While, Sharelston variety surpassed significantly the other studied varieties with respect to sucrose, purity, and extractable sugar percentage (ES%) in both seasons.The distribution of stomata density of leaf increased as salinity water stress level increased. Results also showed that five sugar beet varieties under two salinity treatments (Magic-Sal or Sal-Wax) had positive effects and increased stomata area, but stomata density and its index as well as stomata closure% decreased compared with nonuse.
In line with the sustainable agriculture, a field experiment was carried out at the Research Station of Water Management Research Institute, Wadi El-Natrun, Eg altitude 25.5 m) during 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 seasons to evaluate growth, quality, productivity and net returns of sugar beet crop under effect of two protocols of irrigation (fish farm waste water (Aqua) or ground water irrigation (well)), and spraying two concentrations (100 and 300 ppm) of each of gibberellic acid (GA 3 ) and indole acetic acid (IAA) compared to zero ppm application. The results revealed that fish farm waste water irrigation (Aqua) was significantly more efficient than ground water irrigation on growth traits (crop growth rate (CGR), relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR)) as well as root yield (ton/fed) in both seasons. Vice versa, ground water irrigation surpassed fish farm wastewater irrigation in quality parameters (sucrose, purity and extractable sugar (ES) percentages). Significant increases in growth traits and yield were detected for growth regulators especially 300 ppm of gibberellic acid concentrations compared to control unit (zero ppm) during both seasons. On the other hand, quality parameters of sugar beet plants were enhanced under the control unit (zero ppm) followed by the application of 300 ppm of indole acetic acid compared to other growth regulators treatments in both seasons. The maximum net return (11488 LE/fed) was achieved with fish farm waste water (Aqua) irrigation with spraying sugar beet plants by 300 ppm of indole acetic acid during 2019/2020 seasons.
This work was investigated to study the combined effects of water stress levels [60%, 80%, and 100% of irrigation water requirements (IWR)] and different types of soil mulching [non-mulch, organic mulch (paddy straw and sawdust), inorganic mulch (black polyethylene film mulch (BPFM)] under drip irrigation system on growth, some physiological characteristics, yields and quality of sugar beet crop. The study was conducted at a private farm in the vicinity of Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Egypt (30° 14' 14.59˝ N latitude and 30° 46' 53.90˝ E longitude) during 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 seasons. The experimental design used was a split plot in a randomized complete blocks arrangement with three replications. The results revealed that most of growth, physiological and yield characteristics significantly increased by increasing irrigation levels from 60% up to 80 or 100% of irrigation water requirements (IWR) in both seasons. On the contrary, quality parameter of sugar beet decreased by increasing irrigation levels from 60% to 100% of IWR. Covering soil with inorganic mulch (black polyethylene film mulch (BPFM)) was significantly more efficient for the growth, physiological and yield parameters followed by organic cover (paddy straw and sawdust) compared to non-mulching in both seasons. The distribution of stomata density of the leaf increased as water stress level increased. There were slight differences between full the irrigation (100%) and moderate stress (80% of IWR) for stomata closure % but stomata closed under severe stress (60% of IWR). The results also showed that, all mulching types under the three water stress levels had positive effects and increased stomata area, but stomata density and its index as well as stomata closure% decreased compared with non-mulch. Finally, the highest sugar yield (ton fed -1 ) was observed under moderate stress (80% of IWR) and covering soil by BPFM.
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