Abstract. Argumentation is a mechanism to support different forms of reasoning such as decision making and persuasion and always cast under the light of critical thinking. In the latest years, several computational approaches to argumentation have been proposed to detect conflicting information, take the best decision with respect to the available knowledge, and update our own beliefs when new information arrives. The common point of all these approaches is that they assume a purely rational behavior of the involved actors, be them humans or artificial agents. However, this is not the case as humans are proved to behave differently, mixing rational and emotional attitudes to guide their actions. Some works have claimed that there exists a strong connection between the argumentation process and the emotions felt by people involved in such process. We advocate a complementary, descriptive and experimental method, based on the collection of emotional data about the way human reasoners handle emotions during debate interactions. Across different debates, people's argumentation in plain English is correlated with the emotions automatically detected from the participants, their engagement in the debate, and the mental workload required to debate. Results show several correlations among emotions, engagement and mental workload with respect to the argumentation elements. For instance, when two opposite opinions are conflicting, this is reflected in a negative way on the debaters' emotions. Beside their theoretical value for validating and inspiring computational argumentation theory, these results have applied value for developing artificial agents meant to argue with human users or to assist users in the management of debates.

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In this paper, we present a novel work about predicting the facial expressions from physiological signals of the brain. The main contributions of this paper are twofold. a) Investigation of the predictability of facial micro-expressions from EEG. b) Identification of the relevant features to the prediction. To reach our objectives, an experiment was conducted and we have proceeded in three steps: i) We recorded facial expressions and the corresponding EEG signals of participant while he/she is looking at pictures stimuli from the IAPS (International Affective Picture System). ii) We fed machine learning algorithms with timedomain and frequency-domain features of one second EEG signals with also the corresponding facial expression data as ground truth in the training phase. iii) Using the trained classifiers, we predict facial emotional reactions without the need to a camera. Our method leads us to very promising results since we have reached high accuracy. It also provides an additional important result by locating which electrodes can be used to characterize specific emotion. This system will be particularly useful to evaluate emotional reactions in virtual reality environments where the user is wearing VR headset that hides the face and makes the traditional webcam facial expression detectors obsolete. 130Benlamine, M., Chaouachi, M., Frasson, C. and Dufresne, A. Physiology-based Recognition of Facial Micro-expressions using EEG and Identification of the Relevant Sensors by Emotion.

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