Upper Egypt suffers from many physical problems at the regional level, and which the most important is there is a break in the urban pattern (spatial and functional relationships) for the urban communities of all sizes and patterns, leading to disruption in the relationship between these communities. We find that a limited number of cities suffering from stress and increased demand for services which provided while most other cities suffer from marginalization and absence of its role in at the regional level. Accordingly, the study focuses on the upgrading of the regional urban pattern in Upper Egypt, which suffers from random urban growth. and that application on Nile Valley in Assiut Region as a case study. The study concluded to develop a proposal that could help to solve the urban problem in Upper Egypt as well as their different implications, and to achieve a balance between the current urban pattern, and resettlement of new urban communities.
Background: Patients with hematological disorders especially those who underwent bone marrow transplantation are known for having some degree of immune system derangement and cytokine signaling instability as well as patients who were diagnosed with active malignancy and needed chemotherapy.Objective: The study aimed to compare the outcome between patients infected with COVID 19 who use immune suppression (either acute or chronic immune suppression) to fight COVID infection and how our different bodies and immune systems can handle it versus the normal population. Patients and Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study in December 2020 conducted on 96 subjects who caught COVID-19 infection, the subjects were categorized into three groups: Group 1: consists of 32 patients who underwent BMT (patients on chronic immunosuppressive drugs), Group 2: consists of 32 patients with hematological diseases (patients on chemotherapy or acute immunosuppressive drugs), and Group 3: control group (non-immunosuppressed patients) consists of 32 patients with patients had symptomatic COVID-19 infections requiring hospital admission. Results: We found improved overall survival in group 1 with 4 out of the total 32 patients succumbed to their deaths, 2 of the 4 patients were in the peri-engraftment period with the statistically significant improved OS when compared to patients in group 2 with a P-value of 0.038. Conclusion: Acute immune suppression is done by chemotherapy worsen the outcome of COVID-19 infection, while chronic immunosuppression had the best outcome in COVID-19 patients even better than the normal population due to loss of immune cell signaling and absent cytokines storm that might occur.
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