Blood samples were collected from 180 apparently healthy adult Norwegian goats each 90 Norwegian goats, from high altitude and low altitude in Morogoro urban and peri-urban to assess the influence of altitude on their hematological indices. The (RBC) Red blood cells, PCV (packed cell volume), WBC (White blood cells) and HB (Hemoglobin) concentration were determined. Analysis of hematological indices was done using Automated Hematological Analyzer (Msn4s). Data on age, weight, body score, health and nutritional status were recorded for each animal. Epi-info version7.1 was used to analyze data for means, standard deviation and percentages. T-test and Chi-square were used to compare similarities between the groups. Results were compared to normal ranges of the parameters. Most parameters were within normal ranges. However significant increase in white blood cell count and decrease in hemoglobin concentration was observed from blood collected from groups of Norwegian goats located at low altitudes. Whereas the value of RBC (Red blood cells), PCV (packed cell volume) and HB (Hemoglobin) concentration in blood samples from high altitude were significantly high compared to those found at low altitude. These results revealed that, the level of hematological parameters were significantly affected by nature of areas animal located, that is altitude, although other confounding factors such as age, diseases, stress, sex, body weight and climatic condition may result to variations on the blood indices.
Abstracts: Changes in lifestyles and ageing have been associated with growing rates of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (CRF). Dyslipidemia is one of the CRF associated with numbers of cardiovascular diseases. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the profile and degree of derangements of plasma lipids among 300 (176 females and 124 males) elderly individuals aged ≥60 years in Morogoro, Tanzania. The calorimetric enzymatic methods and the Friedewal's equation were used for determination of cholesterols and triglycerides (TG). Social and demographic characteristics were gathered by structured questionnaires. The logistic regression models were used to identify the determinants of abnormal serum lipids level. Mean Total Cholesterols (TC) and Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterols (LDL-C) in females exceeded significantly that of males. Mean TC, LDL-C as well as TG (mg/dL) declined significantly with age while mean High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterols (HDL-C) also declined but only slightly. Elderly females were two times more likely to have elevated TC (OR=2.11; 95% CI: 1.04-4.28: P=0.05) and LDL-C (OR=2.15; 95% CI: 1.17-3.97: P=0.019) and three times to have lowered HDL-C (OR=3; 95% CI: 1.97-5.30: P<0.001) than males. Urban residents were about two times more likely to have elevated LDL-C (OR=1.84; 95% CI: 1.04-3.25: P=0.047) than their rural counterparts. Body Mass Index of ≥30 kg/m 2 was also associated with elevated LDL-C (OR=1.89; 95% CI: 1.05-3.42: P=0.045) and lowered HDL-C (OR=2.18; 95% CI: 1.3-3.65: P=0.004), respectively. The present study has established the profile and level of derangements of serum lipids among the elderly of Morogoro region in Tanzania. It appears that, female sex and BMI of ≥ 30kg/m 2 are significant factors for elevated TC, LDL-C and lowered HDL-C while urban life is a significant factor for elevated LDL-C. ____________________________________________________________________________________
A liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC MS/MS) method is proposed for identification and quantification of antibiotics residues and metabolites in honey and other matrices such as water, manure, soil, meat and sediments. This method was used to detect tetracycline derived residues in honey samples from Tabora and Singida regions, Tanzania. This honey was obtained from modern beehives. Three hundred honey samples were tested for the presence of tetracycline derivative residues. Of the examined samples 15% had these drug residues. Majority of samples contained residues to a proportion of 0.002-0.008 mg/kg. The findings show that tetracycline antibiotic residues are present in honey from Tabora and Singida regions, although in small concentrations, however, this can possibly influence the naturally occurring protective properties of this medicinal food. Also can lead to drug resistance to consumers. Prospective studies that simultaneously track both resistance genes and antibiotic residues will go far in resolving some of the gagging questions that cloud our understanding of antibiotic resistance dissemination.
Treatment and control of infectious diseases in humans and animals play a vital role in prevention of illness and death. Conventional drugs treatment has been providing effective therapy for treatment of infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms; However, some do not respond to conventional therapy. Conventional therapy are expensive and have more adverse side effects. Plant based medicinal productshas been used as an alternative curative for infections caused by resistant pathogenic microorganisms, moreover, plant medicinal products have less adverse side effects. This study was conducted to assess thecrude Combretummolle bark extracts antimicrobial activityagainst three selected bacteria species. Three solvents, distilled water; ethanol and acetone were used for crude combretum molle bark extraction. The agar well diffusion method was used to assess antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. A minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the most active extracts was determined by the broth dilution technique. Extracts from three solvents tested demonstrated antimicrobial activity with zone of inhibition diameters ranging from 14 to 24 mm. Acetone extract was the most potent with its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 1.25 to 2.50 mg/ml. There was no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the potency of the three extracts and standard antibiotic ciprofloxacin on the bacteria species tested. The study showed that the crude bark extract of C. molle has antimicrobial activity against all the test microorganisms.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence, serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and plasmids profiles of Salmonella spp. in Nile perch of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli in water and fish samples were investigated by the bacteriological methods. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella spp. were determined using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. A total of 324 samples were analysed including Nile perch, water and swabs from surfaces of facilities used for fish transport. The finding showed the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in fish at fishing ground were 16/60 (26.7%), landing sites and markets were 9/60 (15%) and 18/60 (30%) respectively. A significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between the prevalence of Salmonella spp. in fish from fishing ground and those at landing sites, but not with those from markets (p>0.05). The main serotypes recovered were Salmonella ser. Waycross (41: z4z23 :-) and Salmonella enterica ssp. salamae (42: r :-). Most Salmonella serotypes showed the low resistance profiles against most of antimicrobials, but few isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid 3/64 (4.7%), ampicillin 5/64 (7.8%), azithromycin 14/64 (21.9%) and sulfamethoxazole 22/64 (34.4%). Plasmids were detected in few Salmonella ser. Waycross compared to none of Salmonella ssp. salamae. Escherichia coli count ranged 0.77 to 2.44 log10 cfu/g in fish and 0.44 to 1.71 log10 cfu/ml in water. Contaminated fish with different Salmonella serovars imply pollution of the lake attributable to waste from point and nonpoint sources that may contain antibiotic residues accounting for resistant bacteria in aquatic environment. Un-hygienic fish handling and poor conditions of markets account for the high prevalence of Salmonella spp. in Nile perch at markets.
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