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Ruta chalepensis L. is used in the traditional herbal treatment of various diseases. The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of different extracts of R. chalepensis L. on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene expressions and their antioxidant capacity on murine RAW 264.7 macrophage challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In fact, this study shows that the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of R. chalepensis L. considerably decreased the nitric oxide (NO) production in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Thus, the treatment with both extracts significantly suppressed the levels of iNOS and COX-2 gene expressions through the inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. The preincubation of RAW 264.7 cells with various concentrations of ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts decreased the production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in a dose-dependent manner. It also increased the activities of antioxidative enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in LPS-stimulated macrophages, compared to those in the cells treated only with LPS. Besides, the (1)H NMR spectra of both extracts have demonstrated the presence of aromatic signals, thus confirming the existence of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and polyphenols. So, the ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of R. chalepensis L. have been shown to possess enough antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities to prevent LPS-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

In this paper, we propose an "end-to-end" approach that supports dynamic reconfiguration of software architectures taking advantage of graphical modeling, formal methods and aspect-oriented programming. There are three ingredients of the proposal. The specification end of the solution is covered by a new UML profile enabling to specify the desired architectural style (model), its invariants and the intended reconfiguration operations. In order to verify the consistency of the model and the preservation of the invariants after every reconfiguration, we automatically generate formal specifications in Z notation from the defined model. At the runtime enforcing end of the solution, we propose to encode the enforcement logic as aspect in the AspectJ language. The third important ingredient that makes our approach end-toend is the automatic translation of formal specifications into aspect-based enforcement code.

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