Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Terms of use: Documents in AbstractSince its establishment in 1865, the ITU has been considered by many as a European organisation as it was controlled by small number of European countries. Due to the conflict of interests between the European countries and other countries, the world was divided into three regions in terms of radiocommunication service allocation where the European, African and the Arab countries lie in Region 1 of the Radio Sector of the ITU (ITU-R).However, recent years have witnessed a change in the power balance within Region 1 where the Arab and African countries called in the World Radiocommunication Conference of 2012 (WRC-12) for an immediate allocation of the spectrum in the 694-790 MHz band to mobile service noting that the issue was not on the agenda of the conference. WRC-12 eventually agreed to the allocation to be effective immediately after WRC-15 after resistance mainly from the European countries.The analysis of the issue shows that such resistance is related to the difficulty of releasing the 800 MHz band for mobile service in Europe and severe competition in the European mobile market. On the other hand, the diversity in the European views over the issue during the conference is related to the internationalisation of European telecommunication operators and manufactures, the different needs with regard to terrestrial broadcasting service, and the cooperation with the African countries.Moreover, the conflict with regard to the channel arrangements in the 700 MHz band after WRC-12 suggests that decisions related to spectrum allocation cannot be taken exclusively by national regulators or the industry. Furthermore, the examination of the Arab and African proposal shows that UAE was the first initiator of the 700 MHz issue. In addition, the ITU-R system is found to be in favour in the European countries when it comes to technical studies prior to WRCs while it is in favour of the Arab and African countries during WRCs negotiations.One of the main implications of the 700 MHz issue is showing how the regional harmonisation between the ITU-R regional organisations becomes more important than the traditional harmonisation within the ITU-R three regions. Last but not least, it is argued that the influence of the European countries in Region 1 is not in decline. However, it is their credibility that is in question. The authors are solely responsible for the opinions expressed in this article.2
The traditional "Command and Control" spectrum management regime has been implemented for many decades in many countries. However, such a regime has proven inefficient from both technical and economic perspectives given increasing demands on spectrum and newly emerging services and applications. This has then called for a new initiative in many countries to review their current policies in a process called "Radio Spectrum Policy Reform". Such a reform, while improving the classical command and control scheme, may adopt one of two approaches or a hybrid of them: spectrum trading or spectrum commons. This paper shows that although spectrum commons may attain better opportunities for the developing countries more than those offered by spectrum trading, the right balance between the two approaches is expected to yield better efficiency.
Following WRC-12, discussions have emerged with regard to the frequency arrangements in the 700 MHz band, out of band emissions (OOBE) of the mobile terminals below 694 MHz considering the allocation of the 694-790 MHz band to the mobile service. These discussions have shown that there is a tendency to partially harmonise with the APT plan and to adopt APT OOBE values. This reflects the emerging approach of countries in Regions 1 and 2 that are aligning themselves with Region 3 to lower the cost of end user equipment. Countries such as Australia and New Zealand are leading the discussion in Region 3. The 700 MHz issue has revealed that the ITU-R decision making procedures are mostly based upon consensus with the possibility of few countries blocking the discussion. Moreover, it suggests that there is a need to revise the current ITU-R structure of three regions.
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