The management of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a major obstacle for the majority of municipalities in developing countries because of the impacts related to the landfilling of waste. Garbage is an energy-rich material. As a result, energy recovery is considered to be a sustainable waste management method. In Morocco, 7.4 million tons are produced annually; most of the waste is landfilled without any recovery despite the impacts related to this method of disposal. The objective of this chapter is to characterize combustible fractions (RDF) from household waste in Morocco and to study the economic and environmental benefits of their use as alternative fuels in cement kilns. The results of this research show that the combustible fractions contained in household waste in Morocco constitute a potential sustainable energy source with a high lower calorific value (4454 kcal/kg). The study of the advantages of co-incineration shows that the substitution of pet coke by 15% RDF reduces the pollution linked to gaseous emissions. In addition, the cement plant can make financial savings 389 USD/h by minimizing the use of fossil fuels.
Summary.-OBJECTIVES: There are few studies on crystalluria in the developing countries. The aim of the present study was carrying out a first study in Morocco on the frequency and the chemical nature of the crystalluria according to the sex and the age of human individuals living in the Tadla M. Mbarki, A. Oussama, A. Elbouadili et al. tion of the dibasic amino acids. So, the urinary excretion of cystine increases.
PRESENTATIONOnly a few former studies were interested in the correlation between urinary calculi on the one hand and urinary crystals on the other hand (1,2). In the lithiasic patients, such a correlation was showed for chemical species of crystalluria (1).In Morocco no study of crystalluria was carried out. In the present work, on 200 human patients living the Tadla Azilal moroccan area we studied the chemical composition of the spontaneous crystalluria by means of the PLM, considering the morphology of the urinary crystals, their polarization and the urinary pH.
MATERIEL AND METHODThe adult patients (âge>15 years) constitute a series of 82 men and 87 women. The patients having age that not exceed 15 years are considered children. The samples were collected in sterilized special bottles. By a polarized light microscope "Olympus BX41" we carried out an identification of crystalluria within a time not exceeding an hour after the collection of urine. The expression of the results according to the protocol is described in a work of Daudon and al. [3]. The allowed definition for the crystalluria of an urinary sample is such as if it appears at least a crystal in the conventional grid known as Malassez's cell, the sample is considered as presenting a positive spontaneous crystalluria.To simplify, we imply in the present work, by "crystalluria" and "spontaneous crystalluria" a positive spontaneous crystalluria.
RESULTSResults of the 31 children will be developed in a later work concerning the crystalluria of the child. The average urinary pH, on the whole series, is 5.8 as well in the man as in the woman.
A-Age and sex as parameters in the populationAmong the 169 adult patients constituting the series there are 82 men and 87 women with respective percentages of 48.5% and 51.5%. The age gamut of the patients is so that 16 to 80 years for the man and 16 to 63 years for the woman. The average age is 38 years including 33,1 years in the man case and 42,6 years in the women case. We distributed the patients in three age groups. The youngest group (15< age ≤ 654
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