To start, antibiotics, also known as antibacterial, are medications that destroy or slow down the growth of bacteria. They include a range of powerful drugs and are used to treat diseases caused by bacteria. Antibiotics cannot treat viral infections, such as cold, flu, and most coughs. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections. The bacteria survive and continue to multiply causing more harm. Frequent and inappropriate
Objectives This study was conducted to assess the National Health Insurance Fund (NHIF) program in Sudan in terms of the expenditure trends over the period of 5 years (2006 and 2010), their value of usage and the pattern of medicines expenditure. Methods The standard tools for analysing aggregate medicine data (ABC and VEN) analysis were used. The total value of consumption was calculated by multiplying quantities by unit cost, and the total values sorted in descending order. The percentage of total value for each item was calculated. Similarly, for Vital, Essential and Non-essential (VEN) analysis, the NHIF medicine lists (2006 and 2007) were classified as vital, essential or non-essential medicines (based on explanatory statement for physician, medical doctors and pharmacists). Key findings ABC analysis showed that small number of items (n = 80, 16.98%) in Class A account for large proportion of the fund (70.19%), whereas large number of items (n = 288, 61.15%) of Class C account only for 9.92% of the total fund. Similarly, the VEN analysis showed that small number of items (n = 11, 2.34%) of Class V account for 5.46%, whereas Class N consists of 212 (45.01%) items that account for 26.43% of the total fund. The medicine class that accounted for the highest expenditure were medicines related to general anti-infectives for systemic use (40.37%) and it made the largest contribution to increases in the total medicine expenditure (48.59%).Conclusions The findings reveal that relatively small number of items accounts for most of the value of the supply fund and non-essential items represent around half of number of NHIF items and account for around quarter of the total fund.
Introduction
Pharmacists and pharmaceutical care services are among the most important tools in providing health services to the society. Pharmacists as the key players in presenting health services, critically impact on the health of the society and if they suffer low job satisfaction, their dissatisfaction may relatively threaten health in the society. This study was conducted to determine Sudanese community pharmacists’ job satisfaction and additionally, some causes of dissatisfaction among community pharmacists and their impact on providing pharmaceutical care services have been evaluated.
Method
The questionnaire was designed after reviewing relevant Literature in addition, The Job Satisfaction survey was used to measure the level of community pharmacists’ satisfaction with their current jobs, and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) was used to evaluate emotional experience and awareness.
Results and Discussion
Generally low scores of job satisfaction were concluded among pharmacists while most of them were highly satisfied with being pharmacist.
Conclusion
Low levels of job satisfaction which were found among Sudanese community pharmacists could be considered as a deficiency of health system in Sudan. Fortunately, inherent interest in the pharmacy profession found among Sudanese pharmacists is an optimistic point at which policy-makers could develop their modifying policies. Health policy-makers must endeavor to take other steps to issue solutions for this current problem.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.