The main aim of this study was to assess the efficiency and performance of a drinking water supply (DWS) network for an urban cluster at Tlemcen Algeria. A three-stage quality management approach was employed to identify the strengths and weaknesses in the control of water service from an operational perspective. Specifically, quality indicators were measured and differences were quantified in assessing the state of the water supply network; managers in the organization as well as subscribers were surveyed; and finally corrective and preventive measures were then taken to ensure continuous operation and sustainability of the service. The results showed that the DWS in the urban group of Tlemcen was characterized by an insufficient production which could not cover the actual needs. Water was provided to the districts twice per week only for a few hours. Adding to this, there was a 50% water loss during transport as a consequence of steel pipeline corrosion, poor quality workmanship, and a lack of proper maintenance and renewal of the conduits.
Landslides and their disastrous consequences on the environment and human life have emphasized the need for a better understanding of the dangers associated with slope movement. The objective of this research was to assess and utilize mapping methods for predicting the hazards of landslides and thus to limit the damage of these phenomena more effectively. In the current investigation, multi-hazard mapping was employed in evaluating the risk of slope movements for the municipality of Bensekrane in Tlemcen in Algeria. There has been no hazard assessment made for the study area although it has factors responsible for triggering landslides. The standard Farès method (arithmetic and probabilistic) was employed, and the results were compared with those obtained from the modified Farès technique (arithmetic and probabilistic), which was developed based on a synthesis or combination of previous approaches. In the modified Farès technique, dynamic factors were also included, such as seismic activity, vegetation cover and groundwater level, and, thus, it was considered more reliable. However, the choice of method depended mainly on the availability of data from the study area. The maps obtained showed that the study area is susceptible to slope movements and will be employed for land use planning. The maps obtained by the arithmetic modified Farès method were different from those obtained by the arithmetic Farès method. The former presented a large part of the surface (88%) with an average hazard, unlike the latter, which presented the largest surface (66%) and a low hazard. The maps generated by the probabilistic modified Farès method showed a surface with a high hazard, unlike that obtained by the probabilistic Farès method, where a high hazard did not exist. These differences between the maps were due to the addition of dynamic factors. It is better to choose the modified Farès method, which takes into account all the factors that exist in reality. In this study, enhanced spatial, natural hazard maps were created using the modified Farès method to better aid decision makers and builders in making correct choices for increased safety and town planning. It is crucial to be able to utilize reliable maps based on multi-hazard risk assessment for land development purposes to lessen the possibility of destructive landslides. The modified Farès method can be applied to any other comparable areas around the world.
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