Multi-State systems are systems whose outputs are multi-valued (due to multiple levels of capacity or performance) and (possibly) whose inputs are also multi-valued (due to multiple performance levels or multiple modes of failure). These systems are a generalization of binary or dichotomous systems that have binary or two-valued outputs and inputs. The multi-state reliability model generalizes and adapts many of the concepts and techniques of the binary reliability model, and naturally ends up with sophisticated concepts and techniques of its own. This paper explores the possibility of simply analyzing a multi-state system by reformulating or encoding its inputs in terms of binary inputs and evaluating each of its multiple output levels as an individual binary output of these alternative inputs. This means that we dispense with multiple-valued logic in the analysis of a multi-state system, since this system is now analyzed solely via switching algebra (two-valued Boolean algebra). The wealth of tools and techniques of switching algebra are now used (without any modification or adaptation) in the analysis of the multi-state system (at the cost of an expanded input domain). The paper makes its point though the analysis of a standard commodity-supply system, whose multi-valued inputs are expressed in terms of physically-meaningfully binary inputs. The analysis is made possible through the use of advanced techniques for deriving probability–ready expressions together with the employment of large-size Karnaugh maps and utilization of multiplication tables, symmetric switching functions, and Boolean quotients. Though the system studied involves twelve binary input variables, its manual analysis is completed successfully herein, yielding results that exactly agree with those obtained earlier via automated methods, and are possibly less prone to the notorious effects of round-off errors.
Microstrip antennas are widely used in wireless communication systems because they are lightweight, compact, conformable to planar and non-planar surfaces, simple and inexpensive to manufacture using modern printed-circuit technology. Concept of microstrip radiators was first proposed in 1953, but it was only in 1970s that practical antennas were fabricated. With features such as low cost, lightweight and Integra table on board containing RF or microwave circuits, they become popular with circuit designers. The main objective of this project is to design and simulate a single element patch microstrip antenna of different shapes using Agilent's Advanced Design System 2015 A design software\ momentum simulation. These are: rectangular, square, circular, circular ring and non-uniform polygon. The other specifications are displayed with each design. The ADS results give the return loss, radiation pattern, polarization, power, absolute fields calculated parameters and some other interesting outputs that can be analyzed. The theory of microstrip antenna is simply given in this report and the factors affecting the antenna design are explained. The design steps of below types of antenna are given and for the others antenna.
This work was carried out in full collaboration between the two authors. Author AMAR envisioned, designed and structured the study, performed the recursive and iterative analysis, solved the numerical examples, managed the literature survey and wrote the preliminary manuscript. Author MAA contributed to the literature search, implemented the algorithms, drew the figures, and made computational comparisons. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Speech parameters may include perturbation measurements, spectral and cepstral modeling, and pathological effects of some diseases, like influenza, that affect the vocal tract. The verification task is a very good process to discriminate between different types of voice disorder. This study investigated the modeling of influenza’s pathological effects on the speech signals of the Arabic vowels “A” and “O.” For feature extraction, linear prediction coding (LPC) of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) subsignals denoted by LPCW was used. k-Nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were used for classification. To study the pathological effects of influenza on the vowel “A” and vowel “O,” power spectral density (PSD) and spectrogram were illustrated, where the PSD of “A” and “O” was repressed as a result of the pathological effects. The obtained results showed that the verification parameters achieved for the vowel “A” were better than those for vowel “O” for both KNN and SVM for an average. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used for interpretation. The modeling by the speech utterances as words was also investigated. We can claim that the speech utterances as words could model the influenza disease with a good quality of the verification parameters with slightly less performance than the vowels “A” as speech utterances. A comparison with state-of-the-art method was made. The best results were achieved by the LPCW method.
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