this work aimed to test the responses of the fertility, semen quality, blood constituents, immunity and antioxidant status of rabbit bucks to water type (e.g., tap water and well water) and magnetizing of water exposed or unexposed to a magnetic field of ≈4000 gauss. The experimental design was factorial 2 (type of water, e.g. tap vs. well water) × 2 (magnetic treatments, e.g. unexposed vs. exposed to magnetic field) using forty mature V-line rabbit bucks randomly distributed to four groups of 10 animals each. The rabbit bucks were provided free access to the water and same diet. well water had lower quality than tap water, i.e. higher ph, conductivity, salinity, calcium, magnesium, and total hardness. water magnetizing had less effect on tap water than on well water (e.g. on ph, conductivity, salinity, calcium, magnesium, total hardness and dissolved oxygen). bucks that consumed tap water showed better semen quality, metabolic profiles and immunity than those that drank well water. Magnetized water significantly increased body weight, feed intake, reaction time, fertility, sperm concentration, mass motility and total live sperm of bucks consuming well water and tap water. The improvements in fertility and semen quality concurred with significant increases in testosterone hormone, immunoglobulin a, antioxidant enzymes, and with decreases in lipid peroxidation biomarker malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. in conclusion, well water induced a significant decrease in semen quality and hence fertility of males. whereas magnetic treatment improved water quality, semen quality, blood picture and antioxidant status and hence buck fertility. key words: rabbit bucks, magnetic water, semen quality, physiological traits, immunity Environmental factors had effects on productive and reproductive performance of farm animals and resulted in a decrease in semen quality and fertility of males (Mann and Lutwak-Mann, 1981; Rasooli et al., 2010; Attia et al., 2013

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The e¡ects of dietary protein-energy levels on the growth rate, proximate composition and production were examined in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, at two starting weights (22.9 and 39.8 g) reared in concrete ponds for 180 days. The highest weight gain (183.1g) was obtained with ¢sh fed a 30% protein and 10.5 kJ g À1 diet for the small initial size and 180.2 g for a diet containing 25% protein and 12.6 kJ g À1 for the large initial size. Dressed yields (edible mass) and ¢llets increased to 56.9% and 52.5% in ¢sh fed diet with 25% protein and 10.5 kJ g À1 at the initial size of 22.9 g, while ¢sh started at 39.8 g exhibited the best values (56.5% and 52.1%) when fed the 30% protein and 10.5 kJ g À1 diet. Proximate composition of soft tissue (wet weight basis) in small ¢sh was signi¢cantly in£uenced by dietary protein-energy levels. Protein was 26.1 AE 0.3% in ¢sh fed the high protein (30%) and low energy (10.5 kJ g À1 diet), while lipid content was 6.4 AE 0.3% at diet containing 20% protein and 14.7 kJ g À1 diet. Large initial size ¢sh fed the diet with 25% protein and14.7 kJ g À1 had the highest body protein (32.0 AE 0.4%) and lowest lipid content (2.2 AE 0.3%). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein e⁄ciency ratio varied with di¡erent dietary proteinenergy levels and initial ¢sh sizes. Feed conversion ratio increased with increasing protein and decreasing energy level in the diet, and values in small ¢sh were higher than values in large ¢sh. Protein e⁄ciency ratio decreased with increasing dietary protein level and decreasing energy level. The maximum total production (7.6 tons feddan À1 ) was with dietary high protein (30%) and low energy (10.5 kJ g À1 ) for smallsized ¢sh, while large initial ¢sh had the highest production (3.7 tons feddan À1 ) when fed the 25% protein and 12.6 kJ g À1 diet energy. Starting with 22.9 g ¢sh was more advantageous than the initial size of 39.8 g for rearing Nile tilapia. Small ¢sh required a high-protein and low-energy diet, whereas large ¢sh required a low-protein and high-energy diet to achieve highest production.

Severe septic illness is often associated with cerebral manifestations such was disturbed consciousness and delirium. Little was known about its effect on the CNS. This is the first study in children that has assessed the direct mediators of brain inflammation and injury with sepsis. The serum and CSF concentrations of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) (marker of endothelium-leukocyte interaction), nitric oxide (NO) and lipid peroxide (LPO) (markers for lipid peroxidation) and S-100B protein (marker of astrocytes activation and injury), were measured in 40 children with sepsis of whom 40% had moderate to severe septic encephalopathy. Serum from 25 normal children was used for comparison. Serum values of sICAM-1, NO, LPO and S100B were elevated in patients compared to controls. The greater elevation of the CSF:serum albumin ratio suggests loss of blood-brain barrier integrity. After normalising for CSF:serum albumin ratio, we demonstrated a significant intrathecal synthesis of NO, LPO and S100B. Patients with encephalopathy had elevated serum and CSF levels of sICAM-1, NO, LPO and S100B compared to sepsis only. This study indicates that the brain is vulnerable in children with sepsis. It also suggests that coordinated interactions between immune system, vascular endothelial cells, CNS barriers, astrocytes and brain lipid peroxides, may contribute to septic encephalopathy.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effect of using bee venom (BV) on the reproductive performance, immune, and health status of rabbit does and its effect on their litters. Sixty mature does, from Spanish V-line rabbit stock, were randomly assigned to four homogeneous groups with 15 does each. The 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd groups were injected twice weekly under the neck skin with 0.1 ml solution contains 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg BV/rabbit respectively. The 4 th group served as a control group. From the results, litter size at birth, litter weight and survival rate at weaning age as well as milk yield were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in BV groups than in the control group. Serum estradiol 17β (E2) was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher (15%) in the rabbit does treated with BV compared to the control group. The treated does with BV at any study doses showed a gradual and significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease (12%) in serum progesterone levels (P4) compared to the control. They also showed a significant (p≤0.05) increase in conception (17%) and fertility rates (10%) compared to the control does. Treatment of rabbit does with BV caused a gradual and significant (p ≤ 0.05) reduction in both aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (16%) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (37%) liver enzyme activities. Additionally, results have shown that BV resulted in a gradual and significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC), antioxidative enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), serum IgG, IgM and IgA levels with significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in malondialdehyde (MDA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in BV groups compared to the control group. Results suggest that BV can be used in rabbit farming as an effective and safe alternative to artificial chemical drugs (sexualstimulants) to improve certain reproductive traits, immune response and health.