The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, is the biggest pest of various palm species. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the essential oils of purslane, mustard and castor (bulk and nano) on R. ferrugineus and to evaluate the oviposition deterrent effect to prevent new infestations. Prepared concentrations of essential oils (bulk and nano) were tested for their impact on R. ferrugineus larvae, pupae and adults. The most effective oil was purslane oil (bulk and nano), followed by mustard and the least effective was castor. The percent mortality of larvae was 75.2, 45.3 and 17.9% (bulk phase) and 92.5, 84.4 and 65.5% (nano phase) in purslane, mustard and castor, respectively, when treated with the high concentration. The percent mortality of adults was 67.2, 40.0 and 15.6% (bulk phase) and 83.5, 72.9 and 60.0% (nano phase) in purslane, mustard and castor, respectively, when treated with the high concentration. The number of eggs laid decreased with increasing concentration of the tested oils. Purslane essential oil showed good impact on R. ferrugineus larvae and adults followed by mustard and castor oils as bulk and as nano.

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The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is one of the most severe pests of date palms. The study aimed to evaluate the virulence of fungal spores and silver Nano-particles from entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) on R. ferrugineus under laboratory conditions. Concentrations of the fungal spores and the silver Nano-particles were prepared from Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, and Verticillium lecanii. The results showed that the 3 EPF achieved 70-90% mortality rates within 7 days in egg stage. M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were the most effective ones. The isolate V. lecanii was tested on eggs, larvae, and adults. Spores of M. anisopliae increased eggs' mortality and reduced their hatchability. The egg mortality rate was 80% higher than the control. Seventy-percent adult mortality rate was achieved in 7 days, when treated with M. anisopliae, 60% with B. bassiana, and 53% with V. lecanii. M. anisopliae was more effective on R. ferrugineus than B. bassiana.

Background: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is one of the most severe pests on palm species, including date palms In Asia. Purpose: The purpose of the current study is to evaluate the virulence of bio efficacy of nano-particle of entomopathogenic fungi and entomopathogenic bacteria on red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. Methods: Prepare concentrations of Fungal Spores and Silver Nano Particles were prepared from Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana, Verticillium lecanii and B. thuringiensis, B. subtilis. Results: M. anisopliae was the highest % mortality (90%), (95%) and (77%) against eggs, larvae and adults of R. ferrugineus, respectively when treated with bio synthesized or with fungal spores after seven days from treatment and the lowest % mortality was recorded when treated with V. lecanii.Three concentrations, (10 3 , 10 4 , and 10 5 CFU/mL), formulated as bacterial suspensions and bio-synthesized silver nanoparticles, (Ag NPs) were evaluated for their ability to inhibit egg hatch. The 10 5 CFU/mL concentration, both as a bacterial suspension and formulated as Ag NPs, was tested for efficacy against 10 day-old larvae and adults. Egg hatch was significantly inhibited by all concentrations and formulations of B. subtilis and B. thuringiensis, and exhibited lethal concentrations for 50% mortality (LC50) of 3.45 X 10 3 and 6.73 X 10 4 CFU/mL, respectively. The percent mortality of larvae six days after treatment was 85% and 77% for B. thuringiensis and B. subtilis Ag NPs, respectively. The percent mortality of adults six days after treatment was 75% and 67% for B. thuringiensis and B. subtilis Ag NPs, respectively.Conclusion: The bio control efficiency of Ag NPs synthesized by five isolates of M. anisopliae, B. bassiana, Bio Magic, Bio Power and Bio Catch on R. ferrugineus was proven to be effective through bio assay by spore suspension and bio synthesized silver nanoparticles. M. anisopliae had the highest efficiency on R. ferrugineus and was more effective than B. bassiana, Bio Magic, Bio Power and Bio Catch.B. thuringiensis inhibited the hatching of R. ferrugineus, it is the highly effect than B. subtilis against all stages (eggs, Larvae and Adults) of R. ferrugineus. B. thuringiensis is the highly effect as a bio synthesized Ag NPs against larvae and adults of R. ferrugineus than bacterial suspensions. B. thuringiensis is the highest effect than B. subtilis as well bacterial suspensions or as a bio synthesized Ag NPs. KeywordsVirulence, Nano-particle, entomopathogenic fungi, entomopathogenic bacteria, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus.To cite this article: ABDEL-RAHEEM M.A., REYAD NF, ALGHAMDI HA. Virulence of Nano -Particle preparation of Entomopathogenic fungi and Entomopathogenic Bacteria against red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

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Background: Spodoptera littoralis is a highly destructive insect pest. Use of insecticides to control larvae has led to several problems and hazards such as development of resistance and residual effects. Purpose: Evaluate the impact of the essential oils (bulk and Nano phase) of Purslane; Mustard and Castor oil were tested for their impacts against larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. Methods: The tested essential oils were obtained by steam distillation of dried plants and Encapsulation of Nano particles is a method over which a chemical is slowly but efficiently released to the specific host for insect pests control. Results: The most impact oil was Purslane oil (bulk and Nano) then Mustard and the least one was Castor. The high concentration % mortality of larvae was 70.0, 40.2 & 15. 5 % and 90.4, 80.8 & 62.2 % in Purslane, Mustard and Castor (bulk and Nano phase), respectively. The number of laid eggs decreased with increasing tested oils concentrations. Conclusion: Purslane essential oil showed good effect against the S. littoralis larvae followed by Mustard and Castor as Bulk and as Nano.

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