This study was carried out to evaluate the chemical and phenolic contents of some by products tomato pomace powders (peel and seeds) (TPP), mango seeds kernel powder (MSKP), and pomegranate peels powder (PPP), also the effect of substitution of wheat flour with 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10 % of (TPP), (MSKP), and (PPP) on physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of cake were studied. Results showed that, wheat flour showed higher moisture and total carbohydrate contents, tomato pomace powder was showed a higher crude protein, and crude fiber contents, mango seeds kernel powder had the highest lipids content and pomegranate peels powder had the highest ash and crude fiber content. For total phenolic and flavonoid contents, TPP contain the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents followed by PPP and finally MSKP. Also, the partial replacement of wheat flour with TPP, MSKP and PPP increased chemical composition % (moisture, crude protein, lipids, ash, and crude fiber), minerals content (i.e. K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, and Zn) and dietary fiber content (i.e. total, soluble and insoluble dietary fiber) of cake samples, while total carbohydrates were decreased in parallel with increasing the level of substitution compared with control cake samples. Cake treatments containing TPP, MSKP and PPP have also recorded the same trend of chemical composition, minerals, dietary fiber content. The partial replacement of wheat flour with TPP, MSKP and PPP increased total phenolic and flavonoid contents of cake samples compared with control sample in parallel with increasing the level of substitution, cake treatments containing TPP had the highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents followed by PPP and finally MSKP treatments. The sensory evaluation characters, cells, grain, texture, crumb color, flavor, and overall acceptability, have no significant difference between the control sample and cake samples which substituted with 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 % of MSKP and TPP.

unflower oil (SFO) seeds of Helianthus annuus L., is a rich source of linoleic

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Background Plant disease administration is difficult due to the soil-borne nature of the phytopathogens. Biological control of plant disease is a safe mode to avoid the problems related to fungal diseases that affect crops productivity. Results Twenty-three Trichoderma isolates were isolated from soil, surrounding healthy tomato roots from different regions in the Egyptian Governorate of Menoufia. Using a dual culture method to test the efficiency of Trichoderma isolates, the most effective isolate identified as Trichoderma atrovirde with percentage inhibition against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (92.11%) and scanning electron microscope examination documented the mycoparasitic nature of T. atrovirde to F. oxysporum. Treatments with 10% filtrate T. atrovirde improved the growth aspects of tomato plants than the control plants or infected only, as well as the increase in phenol content (15.09 ug. g-1dry weight) and decreased disease incidence percentage (8%) than the plants infected only (60%). Conclusions This study clearly demonstrated that T. atrovirde had a significant inhibition against F. oxysporum. Greenhouse assays displayed the protective role of T. atrovirde inoculation directly against pathogen or indirectly related to the defense mechanism in the plant. So, this study recommends using T. atrovirde for biological control of wilt disease in tomato plants.

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Compost tea has a lot of potential for sustainable agriculture. The suppressive effect of compost tea on damping-off disease in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris), caused by Rhizoctonia solani, was investigated. The physicochemical properties of the tested compost tea showed the presence of dissolved solids (7070 mgL-1), organic matter (1280 mgL-1), nitrate (3840 mgL-1), and ammonium (90.0 mgL-1). The concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in compost tea were 22.7, 1540, 214, and 2.40 mgL-1, respectively. The highest inhibition of R. solani growth at a concentration of 30% compost tea filtrate was 87.0% and it was completely inhibited at a concentration of 50%. The application of compost tea or chemical fungicide (Rizolex-T) significantly decreased the pre- and post-emergence of damping-off and enhanced the plants survival. In spite of the total phenol content in bean plants infected with R. solani (15.6 µg·g-1 fresh weight), the treatment of infected plants using compost tea and the Rizolex-T caused further elevation in the phenol content, to 17.5 and 14.7 µg·g-1 fresh weight, respectively. These findings support the use of compost tea as a potential alternative to synthetic fungicides to help achieve environmental sustainability and food safety in farming.

Benzidine was coupled with ethyl cyanoacetate, and malononitrile, to give azo-hydrazo products which in turn were cyclized by using hydrazine and phenyl hydrazine to give 4,4'-([1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diylbis(hydrazin-2-yl-1-ylidene))bis pyrazole derivatives 5–7. These compounds were identified by various spectral analysis. The examination of 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl in DMF revealed that the λmax of the synthesized dyes are quite sensitive to pH variation and slightly affected by the coupler moieties. Utilizing the dispersion agent DYEWELL-002, polyester fabric (PE-F) was dyed in water. The color strength (K/S), its summation (K/Ssum), dye exhaustion (%E) and reflectance values were measured and discussed. The DFT method estimates the chemical descriptor parameters of the titled dyes, using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level to investigate the performance of dyes as well as to postulate a mechanism of dyeing process.