The aim of this research was to assess the impact of different combinations of chemical nitrogen fertilizer levels and red yeast as a biofertilizer (F1,100 kg N+ red yeast; F2, 75kg N+ red yeast; F3,50kg N+ red yeast;F4, 25kg N+ red yeast; F5, unfertilized N+ red yeast and F6,100kg N without red yeast) on microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, growth characteristics, yield and its components as well as harvest index of four durum wheat cultivars (V1, Beniswif 5; V2, Beni-swif 1; V3, Sohag4; V4, Sohag5). Results confirmed that, different wheat cultivars exhibited a significant effect on most studied traits in both seasons. V1 surpassed all tested cultivars for most studied traits followed by V2, meanwhile, V4 ranked the last one for most traits in both seasons. The combination of all chemical nitrogen fertilizers with red yeast possessed a highly significant effect on all studied characteristics. Significant interactions were recorded between cultivars and different combinations of yeast and nitrogen fertilizer levels on wheat yield and its components during both seasons, V2×F2 and V2×F1 obtained the greatest biological yield of 7.89 and 7.40 ton/fed. and grain yield of 20.75 and 20.49 ardab/fed in the first and second seasons, respectively. Grain yield (ardab/fed.) was highly positive and significantly correlated with all studied traits in both seasons. In conclusion, applying red yeast as a promising biofertilizer with different chemical nitrogen fertilizer rates could be recommended because it significantly increased the microbial biomass and, achieved a highly significant wheat yield, while reducing chemical fertilizers consumption.
fficiency of grafting watermelon scions on resistant rootstocks for controlling Fusarium wilt under greenhouse and field conditions was evaluated. Two grafting methods, i.e. tongue approach graft and hole insertion graft, were evaluated for grafting two watermelon scions, i.e. Aswan hybrid and cv. Giza 1, on four rootstocks, i.e. Wild watermelon, Bottle Gourd, Strong Tosa and Ferro. Results indicated that the most effective method is tongue approach graft with Aswan hybrid and cv. Giza 1 which recorded 92.0 to 96.0 % survived plants except cv. Giza 1 that was grafted on Bottle Gourd. Grafting of Aswan hybrid and cv. Giza 1 on Bottle Gourd, Strong Tosa and Ferro rootstocks significantly reduced the wilt disease incidence. Complete protection of Fusarium wilt was obtained with both cultivars grafted on Bottle Gourd and Strong Tosa. Grafting of both cultivars on Ferro rootstock resulted in reducing disease incidence by 95.2 % for cv. Giza 1 and Aswan hybrid. Also, the highest increase in enzyme activities was obtained with both cultivars grafted on all the tested rootstocks. Grafting increased peroxidase, chitinase and β-1,3glucanase activities as compared with un-grafted plants. Moreover, under field conditions grafting of two watermelon scions, i.e. Aswan hybrid and cv. Giza 1, on three rootstocks, i.e. Bottle Gourd, Strong Tosa and Ferro was carried out, to study the effect of grafting on Fusarium wilt incidence and fruit yield. Results revealed that all treatments reduced the wilt incidence during the two growing seasons. Complete protection of Fusarium wilt was obtained with both scions grafted on all rootstocks. The highest increase in watermelon yield was obtained with Aswan hybrid grafted on each of Bottle Gourd, Strong Tosa and Ferro which increased fruit yield by 175.3, 166.3, 165.2%, respectively as compared with un-grafted cultivars.
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