The histology and structure of 38 spleens of the dromedary (aged 0n5-15 y) were studied in relation to age. The spleen was found to have a thick capsule (292p106 mm) divided into an outer layer (113p39 mm) composed mainly of connective tissue and an inner layer (180p81 mm) consisting mainly of smooth muscle cells. Vascular and avascular trabeculae extend from the capsule, the former containing arteries and nerves but no trabecular veins, the latter being divided structurally into primary and secondary trabeculae. Subcapsular and peritrabecular blood sinuses around primary and vascular trabeculae are unique to the camel spleen. The central artery emerges from the periarterial lymphatic sheath and branches into up to 4 penicilli which extend as sheathed arterioles (42p8 µm). These are found near or surrounded by blood sinusoids of the red pulp. A wide marginal zone surrounds the white pulp and contains sheathed arteries but no marginal sinuses. The red pulp is characteristically divided into cords by secondary trabeculae and contains venous sinusoids of different sizes. The camel spleen is of a sinusal type that can store blood. The thick muscular capsule and trabeculae pump the stored blood according to the body's need. Both closed and open circulations are found. The venous return is unique as the blood flow is from the venous sinusoids of the red pulp to the peritrabecular sinuses to the subcapsular sinuses to the splenic vein. No significant structural differences related to age were found.

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Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy for people with relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Newcastle disease (ND), a highly contagious disease, is responsible for disturbing disease outbreaks in poultry flocks worldwide. This study was carried out to isolate and characterize the circulating Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) strains in different chicken flocks (broilers, commercial egg layers and breeders) in four Egyptian governorates (Gharbia, El Behera, Dakahlia and Kafer EL Shiekh) during 2014 and 2015. Forty-eight suspected NDV infected flocks were examined clinically and used for virus isolation and characterization. The mortality rates among the examined flocks were 5-85 %. The deduced amino acid sequences of F protein gene revealed that four NDV isolates possessed the motif 112 R/K-R-Q-K/RR 116 at the C-terminus of the F2 protein and F (phenylalanine) at residue 117, indicating that they are velogenic genotype. The present study revealed the circulation of NDV class II genotype VII in Egyptian chicken flocks.

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