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Patient: Male, 23-year-old Final Diagnosis: Eagle syndrome Symptoms: Pain Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Dentistry • Pathology Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Eagle syndrome is an unusual condition in which the styloid process (SP) becomes elongated and causes different clinical symptoms due to pressure on adjacent anatomical structures. The symptoms are non-specific and include severe throat, facial, and ear pain, or headaches. They are usually exacerbated by head rotation, swallowing, yawning, or chewing, but atypical presentations exist. It is a difficult pathology to diagnose and it can take several years before a proper diagnosis is made. Case Report: This report describes the case of a dental student presenting with an atypical presentation of Eagle syndrome. His styloid processes were 75 mm long and he was affected with severe pain to his throat, the anterior part of his ears, his submandibular area, and his molar teeth. The pain was exacerbated during maximal mouth opening, yawning, mandibular protrusion, and during downward head tilt, but not during the classically described movements of head rotation, swallowing, yawning, or chewing. Due to the absence of the classic symptoms, even with knowledge of the condition and unusual direct access to several oral and maxillofacial specialists, it took 4 years and multiple misdiagnoses to reach the final diagnosis. Following bilateral styloidectomy, all pain subsided. Conclusions: The clinical presentation of Eagle syndrome varies, and the symptoms are non-specific. This greatly increases the complexity of diagnosing the condition and raises the time to diagnosis and the chances of misdiagnoses. It is, therefore, crucial to recognize the diagnostic tools, applicable imaging, and definitive treatment alternatives to successfully identify and treat patients affected.

As-cast and semisolid casting using a cooling slope A356 alloy were processed by equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) for Si and grain refinement. The ECAP was conducted at room temperature in a mold, with a channel angle of 120°, and this resulted in a significant size reduction of grain and Si particles from 170.5 and 4.22 to 23.12 and 0.71 µm, respectively, after six passes of heat-treated cooling slope casting, using the ECAP process. The hardness increased with ECAP processing, from 61 HV, for the as-cast alloy, to 134 Hv, after six passes of heat-treated cooling slope casting. The corrosion resistance of the alloy improved, from 0.042 to 0.0012 mmy−1, after the ECAP process. In this work both the strength and corrosion resistance of the ECAPed A356 alloys were improved with the application of the cooling slope process than without (i.e., from the as-cast condition).

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Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) via routes A and Bc was used to process heat treated A356 alloy. The samples produced a range of microstructures in order to investigate the effect of straining on its corrosion behavior in 3.5 wt. % NaCl solution and hardness. The ECAP was conducted at room temperature in a mold with channel angle of 120°. The results show that brittle coarse silicon particles were effectively fragmented into smaller size in the Al-rich matrix after the processing. The hardness and corrosion resistance test showed improvement after T5 and T6 heat treatment, preferably to T6 due to wholly changed in silicon particles morphology than T5. The hardness increased with ECAP processing from 60.66 Hv to 1133.47, 124.91 Hv after three passes route Bc and four passes route A, respectively. The evaluation of corrosion resistance of the alloy showed improvement from 0.0424 to 0.00173, 0.00149 mmy -1 after three passes route Bc and four passes route A, respectively. In this research, both strength and corrosion resistance are improved by ECAP processing of A356 alloy using both routes. ABSTRAKDalam kajian ini, kaedah penekanan sudut saluran sama melalui laluan A dan Bc telah digunakan untuk memproses aloi A356 yang dirawat dengan rawatan haba. Sampel dengan pelbagai jenis mikrostruktur telah disediakan untuk mengkaji kesan terikan terhadap kekerasan dan sifat kakisan aloi A356 dalam larutan NaCl 3.5%. Kaedah ECAP dijalankan pada suhu bilik dengan menggunakan acuan yang mempunyai sudut saluran 120°. Keputusan kajian menunjukkan bahawa selepas pemprosesan, partikel silikon kasar dan rapuh bersepai menjadi partikel bersaiz kecil dalam matriks kaya Al. Ujian kekerasan dan ujian ketahanan kakisan menunjukkan bahawa sifat mekanik aloi A356 bertambah baik selepas rawatan haba T5 dan T6, terutamanya T6, disebabkan perubahan morfologi partikel silikon yang begitu ketara. Kekerasan aloi A356 masing-masing meningkat daripada 60.66 Hv kepada1133.47 Hv dan 124.91 Hv selepas pemprosesan ECAP melalui laluan Bc tiga kali dan laluan A empat kali. Keputusan penilaian menunjukkan bahawa ketahanan kakisan aloi masing-masing meningkat daripada 0.0424 kepada 0.00173 dan 0.00149 mmy -1 selepas pemprosesan ECAP melalui laluan Bc tiga kali dan laluan A empat kali. Oleh itu, dapat disimpulkan bahawa kekuatan dan ketahanan kakisan aloi A356 meningkat dengan menggunakan kaedah pemprosesan ECAP melalui kedua-dua laluan.

The tempering process of medium and high carbon steel using quenching in water as quenching medium with different tempering temperatures has been investigated. The samples were quenched to room temperature in water. The mechanical properties and corrosion rate of the quench and tempering samples were measured. The result shows that hardness value of the medium and high carbon steel increased due to formation of martensite structure which is very strong phase but it is normally very brittle, so it is necessary to modify the mechanical properties and relieve internal stresses by heat treatment in the range 100-700°C. The experimental results revealed that mechanical properties of selective alloy were significantly changed by temper treatment. By increasing the tempering temperature, hardness and ultimate tensile strength are gradually decreased and ductility was improved. Moreover, the corrosion rate has been studied and shown within multiple phase structure corrosion rate increased more than martensite structure even its stressed structure.

This study shows the results of an experimental investigation of semisolid rheocasting of Al-5.7Si-2Cu-0.3Mg alloy using a cooling slope (CS) casting technique. However, the challenge is to determine process parameters of the CS process to get a desirable microstructure in the semisolid feedstock material. cooling slope technique was employed to create feedstock material for thixoforming under an argon gas atmosphere, where on an inclined plate that was fixed at a 60° slope angle, molten alloy is poured at different temperatures of 640°C, 650°C and 660°C at lengths 300, 400 and 500 mm. Examination the microstructure with optical microscope observed that the microstructure of conventionally cast alloy presented coarse and dendritic primary α-Al phase, whereas rheocast alloy included fine and nondendritic primary α-Al phase with homogeneous distribution of eutectic phase. The best CS processing condition has been identified for optimum pouring temperature of 650°C and the slope length of 400 mm as average globular grain size of around 31.67 ± 3 μm and a shape factor of about 0.66 ± 0.09 were obtained. The mechanical properties of conventional cast alloy were enhanced by the CS casting process. The ultimate tensile strength, the yield strength and elongation of the rheocast alloy were increased by 10%, 12% and 22% respectively compared to the conventional cast alloy. due to a reduction in shrinkage and porosity of the microstructure of the CS alloy.